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. 2015 Aug 7;12:141. doi: 10.1186/s12974-015-0368-7

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© Yu et al. 2015

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — Clinicopathologic characteristics of the neural retina in diabetes. DR manifests characteristics of both vasculopathy and neuroinflammatory diseases. Neural retina including retina glial cells and neurons is involved in the neuroinflammatory responses of DR. NPDR nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy, PDR proliferative diabetic retinopathy, RGCs retinal ganglion cells, IRMA intraretinal microvascular anomalies, DME diabetic macular edema, AION anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, PION posterior ischemic optic neuropathy