Table 1.
Antiviral Effects of IFN-λ In Vivo
| Virus | Phenotype | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Mouse Models | ||
| West Nile virus | more permeable BBB and increased neuroinvasion in Ifnlr1−/− mice; treatment with recombinant IFN-λ prevents lethality in wild-type mice | Lazear et al., 2015 |
| Norovirus | increased titers and shedding in Ifnlr1−/− mice; treatment with recombinant IFN-λ prevents infection and cures persistent infection | Nice et al., 2015 |
| Reovirus | increased growth in intestinal epithelial cells and increased viral shedding in Ifnlr1−/− mice; increased fatal liver disease in suckling Ifnlr1−/− mice | Mahlakõiv et al., 2015 |
| Rotavirus | increased titers in Ifnlr1−/− mice; treatment with recombinant IFN-λ reduces viral titers; IL-22 acts synergistically with IFN-λ to control infection | Hernández et al., 2015, Pott et al., 2011 |
| Influenza virus | increased titers in Ifnlr1−/− or Ifnlr1−/− × Ifnar1−/− mice; treatment with recombinant IFN-λ prevents lethality in wild-type mice | Crotta et al., 2013, Mordstein et al., 2008, Mordstein et al., 2010b |
| SARS coronavirus | increased titers and shedding in Ifnlr1−/− mice | Mahlakõiv et al., 2012, Mordstein et al., 2010b |
| Human metapneumovirus | increased titers in Ifnlr1−/− × Ifnar1−/− mice; treatment with recombinant IFN-λ reduces titers in wild-type mice | Baños-Lara et al., 2015, Mordstein et al., 2010b |
| Respiratory syncytial virus | increased titers in Ifnlr1−/− × Ifnar1−/− mice | Mordstein et al., 2010b |
| Herpes simplex virus 2 | treatment with recombinant IFN-λ decreases viral titers and shedding | Ank et al., 2006 |
| Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus | no change in viral titers in Ifnlr1−/− mice; increased T cell response to acute infection and decreased T cell response to chronic infection in Ifnlr1−/− mice | Ank et al., 2008, Misumi and Whitmire, 2014 |
| Human Patients | ||
| Hepatitis C virus | SNPs rs8099917, rs12979860, rs4803217, and rs368234815 correlate with spontaneous clearance and sustained response to IFN therapy | Bibert et al., 2013, Ge et al., 2009, Griffiths et al., 2015, Hamming et al., 2013, Prokunina-Olsson et al., 2013, Suppiah et al., 2009, Tanaka et al., 2009, Thomas et al., 2009 |
| Hepatitis B virus | SNP rs12979860 correlates with response to IFN therapy | Galmozzi et al., 2014 |
| Human cytomegalovirus | SNP rs368234815 correlates with HCMV retinitis in AIDS patients; SNPs rs368234815 and rs8099917 correlate with HCMV reactivation in transplant recipients | Bibert et al., 2014, Egli et al., 2014a, Egli et al., 2014c, Griffiths et al., 2015, Manuel et al., 2015 |
| Herpes simplex virus 1 | SNP rs12979860 correlates with the severity of reactivation disease | Griffiths et al., 2013 |
| Influenza virus | increased viral titers in epithelial cells with IFNLR1 inhibition; SNP rs8099917 correlates with vaccine response in immunosuppressed patients | Egli et al., 2014b, Kim et al., 2013 |
| Rhinovirus | increased production of IFN-λ correlates with reduced viral replication in bronchial epithelial cells | Contoli et al., 2006 |