Table 5.

Associations between environmental factors and IL-10 production by superantigen (SEB)-stimulated peripheral blood leukocytes stratified by area of residence

Environmental factor	Urban	Rural
	Fold-change (95 % CI)	Fold-change (95 % CI)
Environmental/hygiene
Pets inside the house
No	1	1
Yes	1.24 (0.77;1.35)	1.00 (0.76;1.31)
Crowding (persons/sleeping room)
≤ median	1	1
> median	0.90 (0.69;1.18)	1.07 (0.82;1.39)
Birth order
1st-2nd	1	1
3rd-4th	1.65 (1.21;2.26)	0.99 (0.73;1.36)
≥5th	1.66 (1.20;2.32)	1.10 (0.80;1.52)
Bathroom
Latrine	1	1
WC	0.80 (0.59;1.09)	0.79 (0.46;1.38)
Field	0.86 (0,36;2.06)	1.34 (1,03;1.76)
Daycare attendance
No	1	1
Yes	0.79 (0.59;1.06)	1.07 (0.82;1.40)
Household construction
Wood/bamboo	1	1
Wood/cement	1.21 (0.84;1.76)	1.03 (0.72;1.48)
Cement/brick	0.94 (0.67;1.30)	0.68 (0.49;0.93)
Environmental/farming
Father with agricultural activities
No	1	1
Yes	0.76 (0,58;0.99)	0.85 (0.63;1.14)
Number of peri-domiciliary animals†
0	1	1
1-3	1.42 (0.76;2.68)	1.70 (0.97;3.01)
≥4	1.11 (0.59;2.07)	1.91 (1.08;3.35)
Contact with large farm animals‡
No	1	1
Yes	0.57 (0.27;1.20)	1.06 (0.77;1.46)
Environment/infections
Any geohelminth
No	1	1
Yes	1.29 (0.58;1.75)	1.15 (0.85;1.56)
A. lumbricoides
No	1	1
Yes	1.67 (1.09;2.57)	1.17 (0.90;1.53)
T. trichiura
No	1	1
Yes	1.16 (0.83;1.61)	1.08 (0.82;1.43)
G. intestinalis
No	1	1
Yes	0.76 (0.53;1.07)	1.16 (0.71;1.90)
E. histolytica/dispar
No	1	1
Yes	0.62 (0.44; 0.88)	1.00 (0.74; 1.35)

Fold-changes represent ratios of geometric means using linear regression and are adjusted for age and gender

95 % CI – 95 % confidence intervals

SEB- Staphylococcus enterotoxin B

ORs in bold with P < 0.05