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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Aug 6.
Published in final edited form as: Biopolymers. 2012 Jan 23;97(6):479–498. doi: 10.1002/bip.22026

Table 5. Summary of Silk Stabilization Effects: Processing, Storage and Operational Stability.

Protein or Compound Immobilized Silk Material Format Stabilization Effects Ref.
Processing Stability Storage Stability Operational Stability
Enzymes – Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP)
Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) Bulk loaded silk films + + - Qian et al., 1996
Bulk loaded silk films + + - Qian et al., 1997
Bulk loaded silk films + - + Hofmann et al., 2006
Chemical coupling or adsorption onto silk sponges + + + Vepari and Kaplan, 2006
Microparticle encapsulation + - + Wang et al., 2007
Bulk loaded silk films (nanopatterned) + - - Lawrence et al., 2008
Bulk loaded silk films + + - Lu et al., 2009
Bulk loaded silk films + + + Lu et al., 2010
Bulk loaded silk films (microneedle arrays) + - + Tsioris et al., 2011
Enzymes – Glucose Oxidase (GOx)
Glucose oxidase (GOx) Bulk loaded silk films + + - Kuzuhara et al., 1987
Bulk loaded silk films + + + Demura and Asakura, 1989
Bulk loaded silk films + + + Demura et al., 1989
Bulk loaded porous silk films + - - Demura and Asakura, 1991
Bulk loaded silk films + + + Zhang et al., 1998
Bulk loaded silk films and blended silk-PVA films + + + Liu et al., 1996
Bulk loaded silk films + + - Lu et al., 2009
Other Enzymes
Lipase Glutaraldehyde crosslinking onto silk fibers + + + Chatterjee et al., 2009
Bulk loaded silk films + + - Lu et al., 2009
Adsorption onto silk woven fabric + + + Chen et al., 2010
Cholesterol oxidase Chemical coupling onto woven silk substrates + + - Saxena et al., 2010
Tyrosinase Bulk loaded silk films + + + Acharya et al., 2008
Ribonuclease Chemical coupling onto woven silk substrated + + - Cordier et al., 1982
Alkaline phosphatase Chemical coupling or adsorption onto woven silk substrates + - - Grasset et al., 1983
β-glucosidase Bulk loaded silk films + + + Miyairi et al., 1978
Uricase Bulk loaded silk films + + + Zhang et al., 1998
Heme proteins (myoglobin, hemoglobin, horseradish peroxidase, and catalase Bulk loaded silk films + + + Wu et al., 2006
L-asparaginase (ASNase) Glutaraldehyde crosslinking to silk powder + + + Zhang et al., 2005
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) Encapsulation silk particles + + + Inoue et al., 1986
Invertase Bulk loaded silk hydrogel, lyophilized, then ground to powder + + - Yoshimizu and Asakura, 1990
Organo-phosphorus Hydrolase (OPH) Bulk loaded silk films + + + Dennis et al., in preparation
Growth Factors
BMP-2 Adsorption onto silk films or covalent coupling onto silk films + - + Karageorgiou et al., 2004
Adsorption onto 3D porous silk sponge + - + Karageorgiou et al., 2006
Bulk loaded in electrospun silk nanofiber mats + - + Li et al., 2006
Adsorption onto 3D porous silk sponge + - + Kirker-Head et al., 2007
Encapsulation in silk microspheres + - + Bessa et al., 2010
Bulk loaded silk hydrogels (gelation induced via sonication of aqueous silk solution) + - + Diab et al., 2011
FGF-2 Adsorption onto silk films (retention enhanced by chemical decoration of fibroin with sulfonic acid moieties) + - + Wenk et al., 2010
IGF-I Bulk loaded porous 3D scaffolds + - + Uebersax et al., 2008
Encapsulation in silk fibroin microspheres + - + Wenk et al., 2008
PTH Chemical coupling to silk films + - + Sofia et al., 2001
bFGF Adsorption onto 3D porous silk sponges (aqueous- or HFIP-derived) - - + Wongpanit et al., 2010
NGF Bulk loaded porous tube-shaped scaffolds f + - + Uebersax et al., 2007
GDNF NGF Bulk loaded silk film tubes + - + Madduri et al., 2010
BMP-2 IGF-I Lipid template silk fibroin microspheres incorporated into aqueous-derived silk porous scaffolds using a gradient process + - + Wang et al., 2009
BMP-2 VEGF Bulk loaded silk hydrogels (gelation induced via sonication of aqueous silk solution) + - + Zhang et al., 2011
Other Proteins
Low mol. wt. Protein A (LPA) Bulk loaded silk films + + + Kikuchi et al., 1999
Hemoglobin Bulk loaded silk films + - - Lawrence et al., 2008
IgG Immobilization and enrichment on the silk film surface + + - Lu et al., 2011
Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) Bulk loaded silk films + - - Putthanarat et al., 2004
NeutrAvidin Chemically coupled to silk microspheres and silk protein in solution + - + Wang et al., 2011
Insulin Coupled to silk fibroin powder gluteraldehyde + - + Zhang et al., 2006
Murine anti-TGFb IgG1 monoclonal antibody Bulk loaded sonication-induced silk hydrogels + - - Guziewicz et al., 2011
Small Molecules
Adenosine Encapsulated into silk microspheres loaded into silk sponges and coated with drug-loaded silk films + - + Wilz et al., 2008; Szybala et al., 2009
Chlorophyll a β-carotene Astaxanthin Adsorption onto silk powder + + - Ishii et al., 1995
Oleuropein Rutin Adsorption onto silk powder + - + Bayçin et al., 2010
Doxycycline Ciprofloxacin Drugs “dyed” onto silk fibers + - + Choi et al.,
Curcumin Encapsulated with silk nanoparticles + - + Gupta et al., 2009
Penicillin, Tetracycline Rifampicin Erythromycin Bulk-loaded silk films and adsorption + + + Pritchard et al., in preparation
Tetracycline Bulk loaded silk films + - + Tsioris et al., 2011
Doxorubicin Bulk loaded silk films + + - Tao et al., submitted
Phenolsulfon-phthlein (Phenol Red) Bulk loaded silk films + - - Lawrence et al., 2008
4-amino-benzoic acid Chemically coupled to silk films + - - Tsioris et al., 2010