Table 1.
Implementation of 29 state alcohol control policies in the United States, 1999-2011.
| Policy |
1999
|
2011
|
1999-2011
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of states with a policya | Mean policy implementation ratingc | Number of states with a policya | Mean policy implementation ratingc | Change in number of states with a policya | Change in mean implementation ratingc | |
| Mean across all policies | 32.9 | 0.38 | 37.0 | 0.44 | 4.0 | 0.06 |
| Taxb | NA | 0.48 | NA | 0.49 | NA | 0.00 |
| Outlet densityb | NA | 0.73 | NA | 0.73 | NA | 0.01 |
| Furnishing to minors prohibited | 51 | 0.74 | 51 | 0.73 | 0 | –0.01 |
| False ID prohibited | 50 | 0.51 | 51 | 0.55 | 1 | 0.04 |
| BAC 0.08 illegal per se | 49 | 0.35 | 51 | 0.71 | 2 | 0.36 |
| Administrative license revocation | 49 | 0.42 | 49 | 0.40 | 0 | –0.02 |
| Alcohol beverage control agency | 48 | 0.43 | 48 | 0.48 | 0 | 0.05 |
| Direct shipment of alcohol prohibited | 48 | 0.52 | 48 | 0.44 | 0 | –0.08 |
| Sales to intoxicated prohibited | 47 | 0.45 | 48 | 0.46 | 1 | 0.01 |
| Graduated driver's license | 46 | 0.23 | 50 | 0.42 | 4 | 0.19 |
| Minimum legal drinking age | 44 | 0.50 | 47 | 0.57 | 3 | 0.07 |
| Dram shop | 43 | 0.51 | 45 | 0.52 | 2 | 0.01 |
| Hours of sale restriction | 43 | 0.53 | 44 | 0.53 | 1 | 0.00 |
| Roadside sobriety checkpoints | 39 | 0.71 | 39 | 0.71 | 0 | 0.00 |
| Zero tolerance | 36 | 0.36 | 37 | 0.39 | 1 | 0.02 |
| Use lose | 33 | 0.45 | 41 | 0.62 | 8 | 0.16 |
| Wholesale price restriction | 32 | 0.24 | 33 | 0.25 | 1 | 0.01 |
| Retail price restriction | 31 | 0.26 | 35 | 0.32 | 4 | 0.06 |
| Open container prohibited in motor vehicle | 26 | 0.46 | 44 | 0.84 | 18 | 0.38 |
| Social host laws | 26 | 0.29 | 31 | 0.33 | 5 | 0.04 |
| Minimum age of server | 26 | 0.25 | 26 | 0.26 | 0 | 0.01 |
| Local option | 20 | 0.08 | 19 | 0.06 | –1 | –0.02 |
| Days of sale restriction | 20 | 0.32 | 13 | 0.19 | –7 | –0.13 |
| Fetal alcohol syndrome warning signs | 19 | 0.36 | 24 | 0.43 | 5 | 0.07 |
| State monopoly | 18 | 0.23 | 18 | 0.23 | 0 | 0.00 |
| House party laws | 15 | 0.17 | 27 | 0.30 | 12 | 0.13 |
| Keg registration | 13 | 0.09 | 29 | 0.18 | 16 | 0.09 |
| Responsible beverage service training | 13 | 0.23 | 17 | 0.29 | 4 | 0.06 |
| Ignition interlock laws | 4 | 0.04 | 33 | 0.42 | 29 | 0.38 |
NA = not applicable; BAC = blood alcohol concentration.
a
Total number of states (plus the District of Columbia) is 51.
b
Taxes and outlet density are based on a continuous measure, pooled across all study years and ranked by decile.
c
Implementation score includes all 51 states, including states with no policy as 0.0.