. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Aug 6.

Published in final edited form as: Addiction. 2014 Sep 24;110(1):59–68. doi: 10.1111/add.12706

Table 4.

Implementation of state alcohol control policies in the United States, 1999-2011, by policy group.

	Number of states with a policy^a				Mean policy implementation score^a
	1999	2011	Change 1999-2011	Change over time (mean 95% confidence intervals)	1999	2011	Change 1999-2011	Change over time (mean 95% confidence intervals)
Effective general population policies	31.0	31.9	0.9	0.008^c (–0.0004, 0.016)	0.366	0.375	0.009	0.001^c (–0.001, 0.002)
Difference from referent (mean, 95% confidence intervals)	Referent^b				Referent^b
Effective youth-oriented policies	39.3	43.4	4.1	0.042^*** (0.023, 0.061)	0.424	0.511	0.087	0.007^* (0.005, 0.009)
Difference from referent (mean, 95% confidence intervals)	0.746^*** (0.439, 1.054)				0.050^* (0.009, 0.091)
Effective impaired driving polices	45.7	46.3	0.6	0.003 (–0.018, 0.023)	0.493	0.608	0.115	0.0105^*** (0.007, 0.014)
Difference from referent (mean, 95% confidence intervals)	1.808^*** (1.236, 2.381)				0.136^*** (0.078, 0.194)
Less effective policies	22.7	34.0	11.3	0.010^*** (0.049, 0.087)		0.427	0.140	0.009^*** (0.002, 0.007)
Difference from referent	–0.584^*** (–0.872, –0.296)				–0.0588^* (–0.109, –0.009)

n = 19 227 state-policy-years.

Total number of states (plus the District of Columbia) is 51.

Referent is the policy implementation in the 'effective general population' policies in 1999, compared with each of three other groups in 1999.

Referent is the estimated slope of trends in policy implementation in the 'effective general population' policies during 1999-2011, compared to the estimated slope of the three other groups during 1999-2011.

P < 0.05.

** P < 0.01.

^***

P < 0.001.