Table 4.

Reported studies on other joint replacements

Reference	Joint	Metals	Conclusions
47	Knee	Cr, Co, Mo	Serum Cr and Co increased, no significant increase in Mo
48	Elbow	Not measured	Tissue deposition of particles and study of recovered implants
49	Spine	Serum Ni, blood, urine Cr	No increase in blood Cr or Ni but increased urine Cr. Urine Cr reduced after removal of implant
50	Vascular stents	Ni, Cr, Mn, Mo	In vitro study. Platelet activation by metals may contribute to thrombosis. Diamond coating reduces metal release
51	Orthodontic implants	Ni	Ni concentration in saliva increased up to 10 weeks after implantation, then decreased
52	Metal plates and screws	Al, Ti	Al but not Ti accumulates in soft tissue around implant
53	Intramedullary nails	Cr, Mo, Ti, Al, V	Increased serum concentrations of Cr and Ti