Table 1. Results for clinical chemical biomarkers in serum samples from wild- and captive-born great apes (wild-born Central African chimpanzees from the Republic of Congo (Ch—CG), wild-born West African chimpanzees from Sierra Leone (Ch—SL) and captive-born chimpanzees from Germany (Ch—DE), wild-born bonobos from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (B—CD) and captive-born bonobos from Germany (B—DE)), captive-born rhesus macaques from Germany (Rh—DE), and from healthy human volunteers (H—DE).
| Species | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rh—DE | B—CD | B—DE | Ch—CG | Ch—SL | Ch—DE | H—DE | ||
| N (m/f) | 20 (3/17) | 50 (28/22) | 11 (7/4) | 121 (65/56) | 76 (34/42) | 19 (6/13) | 312 (156/156) | |
| Age [years] | median | 3.5 | 6 | 14 | 8 | 4 | 20 | 27 |
| range | 1–22 | 3–20 | 3–37 | 2–42 | 1–23 | 8–46 | 18–65 | |
| Alanine transaminase activity [μkat/L] | median | 0.10 | 0.27 | 0.54 | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.65 | 0.18 |
| percentiles/range | 0.07–0.15 | 0.09–0.66 | 0.43–0.83 | 0.21–0.94 | 0.27–0.94 | 0.41–1.93 | 0.08–0.40 | |
| Albumin [g/L] | median | 42.8 | 33.3 | 40.0 | 36.9 | 37.6 | 39.3 | 43.8 |
| percentiles/range | 34.4–47.6 | 24.8–40.2 | 35.5–42.6 | 29.1–41.1 | 32.4–42.2 | 28.8–43.5 | 38.7–48.2 | |
| Apolipoprotein A [g/L]—bs | median | 1.40 | 2.15 | 2.51 | 1.63 | 1.85 | 1.71 | 1.58 |
| percentiles/range | 0.80–2.08 | 1.47–2.83 | 2.06–3.52 | 1.15–2.28 | 1.25–2.41 | 1.08–3.10 | 1.11–2.26 | |
| Apolipoprotein B [g/L] | median | 0.37 | 0.79 | 0.76 | 0.59 | 0.70 | 0.73 | 0.72 |
| percentiles/range | 0.20–0.47 | 0.50–1.33 | 0.48–0.97 | 0.35–0.89 | 0.46–0.92 | 0.29–1.24 | 0.42–1.31 | |
| Aspartate transaminase [μkat/L] | median | 1.20 | 0.53 | 0.40 | 0.79 | 0.39 | 0.48 | 0.42 |
| percentiles/range | 0.87–1.66 | 0.21–2.91 | 0.27–0.80 | 0.39–1.80 | 0.22–0.56 | 0.26–1.08 | 0.26–0.69 | |
| Total bilirubina [μmol/L]—hs | median | < 1.71 | < 1.71 | < 1.71 | < 1.71 | < 1.71 | < 1.71 | 3.40 |
| percentiles/range | < 1.71 | <1.71–2.70 | < 1.71–2.00 | < 1.71–2.40 | < 1.71–2.40 | < 1.71–2.10 | < 1.71–13.34 | |
| Cholinesterase [μkat/L]—hs | median | 201.2 | 156.9 | 214.0 | 199.7 | 208.0 | 209.3 | 126.0 |
| percentiles/range | 136.9–448.9 | 98.0–282.0 | 159.60–339.90 | 105.6–345.2 | 124.8–280.1 | 154.8–364.9 | 72.0–191.2 | |
| Total cholesterol [mmol/L] | median | 3.42 | 5.63 | 5.50 | 4.63 | 5.07 | 4.58 | 4.72 |
| percentiles/range | 1.84–4.39 | 3.90–8.54 | 4.61–6.45 | 3.00–7.06 | 3.78–6.78 | 2.90–8.07 | 3.24–6.95 | |
| Colloid osmotic pressure [mmHg] | median | 26.1 | 24.9 | n. a. | 22.4 | 22.2 | n. a. | 28.3 |
| range | 22.3–29.2 | 20.5–29.3 | 19.0–25.4 | 18.7–24.1 | 24.2–32.5 | |||
| C-reactive protein [mg/L] | median | 1.11 | 23.90 | 0.84 | 2.32 | 0.53 | 1.00 | 0.72 |
| percentiles/range | < 0.30–27.09 | 0.71–239.24 | < 0.30–3.39 | 1.00–45.80 | < 0.30–50.82 | < 0.30–3.57 | < 0.30–10.28 | |
| Creatine kinase [μkat/L] | median | 42.28 | 2.14 | 4.10 | 2.97 | 1.80 | 3.68 | 1.19 |
| percentiles/range | 18.97–86.40 | 0.56–12.11 | 2.57–6.91 | 1.31–10.40 | 0.92–6.23 | 1.17–13.32 | 0.50–4.39 | |
| Creatinine [μmol/L] | median | 76.0 | 46.5 | 82.0 | 62.0 | 58.5 | 75.00 | 70.0 |
| percentiles/range | 52.0–118.0 | 14.5–93.9 | 34.0–123.0 | 33.1–121.9 | 35.6–103.1 | 50–253 | 48.5–95.0 | |
| Ferritin [ng/ml] | median | n. a. | 21.3 | 71.5 | 105.4 | 69.1 | 203.2 | 27.0 |
| percentiles | 4.0–157.2 | 31.0–171.9 | 15.5–388.2 | 18.0–268.8 | 17.5–883.3 | 5.5–144.6 | ||
| Folate [nmol/L] | median | n. a. | 31.50 | 21.18 | 28.31 | 18.69 | 36.16 | 20.56 |
| percentiles | 15.43–45.40 | 12.84–45.40 | 17.51–45.40 | 11.02–29.84 | 28.50–45.00 | 9.27–39.36 | ||
| Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase [μkat/L] | median | 1.59 | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.26 | 0.32 | 0.44 | 0.28 |
| percentiles/range | 0.72–3.40 | < 0.05–0.32 | 0.09–0.34 | 0.11–0.99 | 0.18–0.58 | 0.18–1.13 | 0.12–1.75 | |
| Glucose [mmol/L] | median | n. a. | 4.37 | 6.31 | 5.17 | 5.18 | 6.46 | 4.49 |
| percentiles | 2.53–7.96 | 4.46–9.67 | 2.19–10.17 | 2.62–7.65 | 4.34–9.89 | 2.85–7.84 | ||
| Glutamate dehydrogenase [μkat/L] | median | 0.27 | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.04 |
| percentiles/range | 0.19–0.32 | 0.03–0.52 | 0.02–0.75 | 0.06–0.43 | 0.05–0.28 | 0.03–0.29 | 0.02–0.19 | |
| High-density lipoprotein cholesterol [mmol/L] | median | 0.83 | 1.67 | 2.35 | 1.58 | 1.68 | 1.60 | 1.45 |
| percentiles/range | 0.46–1.29 | 0.56–2.84 | 2.06–4.16 | 0.84–2.66 | 0.87–2.40 | 0.38–3.08 | 0.90–2.41 | |
| Lactate dehydrogenase [μkat/L]—hs | median | 9.55 | 6.56 | 4.59 | 12.33 | 5.95 | 6.18 | 2.07 |
| percentiles/range | 6.14–13.28 | 3.55–32.93 | 3.96–9.07 | 6.07–48.73 | 4.15–8.34 | 2.96–9.18 | 1.43–2.98 | |
| Lipase [μkat/L] | median | 0.22 | 0.18 | 0.13 | 0.16 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.53 |
| percentiles/range | 0.00–0.71 | 0.13–0.32 | 0.09–0.24 | 0.13–0.24 | 0.14–0.25 | 0.12–0.27 | 0.25–1.30 | |
| Lipoprotein (a) [mg/dl] | median | 37.3 | 102.8 | 74.1 | 43.6 | 181.0 | 97.4 | 37.3 |
| percentiles/range | 9.9–116.1 | 3.5–269.8 | 31.9–120.3 | 2.1–166.2 | 65.9–296.90 | 14.6–163.0 | < 5.0–154.4 | |
| Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [mmol/L] | median | 1.89 | 3.03 | 2.90 | 2.48 | 2.66 | 2.40 | 2.72 |
| percentiles/range | 0.42–2.50 | 1.71–5.94 | 1.79–3.47 | 1.29–4.06 | 1.67–4.03 | 1.71–5.64 | 1.41–4.60 | |
| N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide [pg/mL] | median | <5.0 | 204.4 | 73.1 | 195.0 | 154.5 | 194.3 | 33.2 |
| percentiles | <5.0–9.9 | 26.9–2563.6 | 35.7–401.6 | 17.9–775.7 | 59.0–502.7 | < 5.0–836.7 | 6.9–144.6 | |
| Phosphate [mmol/L] | median | n. a. | 1.58 | 1.13 | 1.43 | 1.57 | 1.32 | 1.29 |
| percentiles | 0.86–2.16 | 0.47–2.00 | 0.57–1.93 | 0.82–2.31 | 0.36–1.93 | 0.96–1.65 | ||
| Total protein [g/L] | median | 66.7 | 83.1 | 71.8 | 76.9 | 68.9 | 69.6 | 72.0 |
| percentiles/range | 58.4–74.0 | 64.9–98.5 | 65.9–75.7 | 65.7–87.6 | 61.5–78.5 | 64.7–81.0 | 64.0–79.6 | |
| Thyroid-stimulating hormone [mU/L] | median | < 0.005 | 3.73 | 4.61 | 1.71 | 3.06 | 3.56 | 1.34 |
| percentiles | < 0.005–0.007 | 0.33–19.88 | 2.43–18.10 | 0.51–5.38 | 0.74–11.09 | 0.005–8.50 | 0.39–3.61 | |
| Free thyroxine [pmol/L] | median | 14.14 | 11.33 | 14.41 | 12.37 | 12.14 | 16.61 | 16.53 |
| percentiles/range | 7.92–24.37 | 6.53–18.37 | 10.26–25.19 | 7.19–20.87 | 8.15–21.03 | 11.40–24.21 | 13.11–20.76 | |
| Triglycerides [mmol/L] | median | 0.69 | 1.15 | 0.56 | 1.02 | 1.12 | 1.08 | 1.28 |
| percentiles/range | 0.44–1.01 | 0.58–3.11 | 0.28–1.70 | 0.56–2.30 | 0.63–1.94 | 0.73–3.06 | 0.55–3.95 | |
| Free triiodothyronine [pmol/L] | median | 5.71 | 6.47 | 6.57 | 6.59 | 5.01 | 6.63 | 5.15 |
| percentiles/range | 1.71–17.37 | 1.28–11.22 | 4.30–8.83 | 4.04–11.09 | 3.05–10.44 | 3.69–10.00 | 3.92–6.66 | |
| Troponin T [μg/L] | median | n. a. | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 |
| percentiles/range | < 0.01–0.18 | < 0.01–0.04 | < 0.01–0.05 | - | < 0.01–0.25 | < 0.01 | ||
| Urea [mmol/L] | median | 7.60 | 1.50 | 1.95 | 1.60 | 1.45 | 2.60 | 4.43 |
| percentiles/range | 4.30–13.20 | < 0.83–6.74 | 0.80–3.60 | < 0.83–4.99 | < 0.83–3.25 | 1.30–7.80 | 2.56–7.30 | |
| Uric acid [μmol/L] | median | < 11.9 | 203.0 | 128.0 | 145.5 | 145.5 | 124.0 | 265.5 |
| percentiles | < 11.9–12.0 | 106.4–371.6 | 93.0–192.0 | 75.0–226.8 | 64.5–221.8 | 81–224 | 142.1–407.5 | |
| Vitamin B12 [pmol/L] | median | n. a. | 272.7 | 974.3 | 233.3 | 593.9 | 1476 | 278.9 |
| percentiles/range | 126.8–1459.6 | 173.3 - >1476 | 82.4 - >1476 | 215.2 - >1476.0 | 1475 - >1476 | 147.5–576.6 | ||
ISO 3166 codes for the representation of countries of origin of serum samples; median, 2.5th—97.5th percentiles for wild-born great apes and humans and range for captive born great apes and rhesus macaques; ranges for age, colloid osmotic pressure and for lipoprotein (a) in wild-born Central African chimpanzees; “n. a.” = not analyzed; “bs” indicates a bonobo-specific biomarker and “hs” indicates human-specific biomarkers, green border denotes bonobo-specific biomarkers; blue border denotes human-specific biomarkers; “<”/”>” indicate below lower limit/above upper limit of quantification; percent of individuals below lower level of quantification (LLOQ) for bilirubin: wild- and captive-born bonobos: 82 and 55 percent, Central African chimpanzees: 75 percent; wild- and captive-born West African chimpanzees: 82 and 63 percent; rhesus macaques 100 percent; humans: 12.3 percent; see “Methodology” for details on the origin of the samples. The underlying data can be downloaded as S4 Dataset.