Table 1.
Studies on the association between diabetes, associated hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, and BPH/LUTS
| Year | Authors | Country | Number of samples | BPH definition | Diabetes definition | DM and BPH findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | Ferreira et al. | Brazil: cross-sectional | 62 | LUTS (IPSS) | Self-reported | DM associated with LUTS, especially nocturia |
| 2014 | Qu et al. | China: cross-sectional | 117 | LUTS (IPSS); PSA; TRUS PV | FPG (≥7 mmol/l); 2-h oral glucose tolerance test (≥110 mg/dl) | Men with diabetes had increased prostate volume (41.18 versus 51.52 cm3, p=0.005) and increased PSA (1.94 versus 3.23, p=0.013) |
| 2014 | Russo et al. | Italy: cross-sectional | 544 | LUTS (IPSS); PSA; TRUS PV | HOM-IR, FPG>100 mg/dl | Insulin resistance was an independent predictor of severe LUTS (IPSS≥20) (OR=2.0, 95 % CI 1.20–3.34) |
| 2014 | Zhang et al. | China: cross-sectional | 401 | LUTS (IPSS); PSA; TRUS PV | FPG (≥110 mg/dl) | PV was correlated with FINS (r=0.421, p=0.001), but not fasting glucose (r=0.091, p=0.364) or HbA1c levels (r=0.153, p=0.127) |
| 2013 | Gacci et al. | Italy: cross-sectional | 271 | Prostatectomy for moderate/ severe LUTS due to BPH | AHA/NHLBI criteria or previous diagnosis of type 2 diabetes | Inflammatory score (p=0.049), lower uroflowmetric parameters (p=0.008) IPSS (p=0.064) |
| 2013 | Van Den Eeden et al. | USA: retrospective cohort | 63245 | LUTS (IPSS) | DM defined as: fasting glucose (>100 mg/dl) or DM diagnosis | LUTS OR=1.32(95 % CI, 1.26–1.38) No association between DM and new-onset LUTS |
| 2013 | Wallner et al. | USA: cohort | 369 | AUA-SI, maximal urinary flow rate, prostate volume, serum PSA | Self-report, HOMA-IR, FPG, FINS | No significant trends of metabolic disturbances as measured by serum glucose, insulin, or insulin resistance |
| 2012 | Sarma et al. | USA: cross-sectional | 2226 | AUA-SI, maximal urinary flow rate, prostate volume, serum PSA | Self-reported | LUTS OR=1.37 (95 % CI 1.00–1.87), LUTS in patients with no DM medication 2.05 (95 % CI 1.11–3.80) |
| 2011 | Yim et al. | Korea: cross-sectional | 968 | Transrectal ultrasound of prostate P; prostate-specific antigen | FPG; WC | Increased PV is associated FPG and WC: (18.9 versus 16.9 cm3, p=0.001; 19.5 versus 17.5 cm3, p=0.001) |
| 2009 | Wang et al. | Taiwan: case-control convenience sample from diabetes clinic and health fair Age <45 |
DM (n=226); Non-DM (n=183) | IPSS; FR/PVR | DM defined by American Diabetes Association criteria | Patients with diabetes were more. Men with diabetes compared to the control group had worse overall IPSS (6.1 versus 4.1, p<0.001), worse storage (2.7 versus 2.0, p=0.02), and voiding subdomains (3.5 versus 2.1, p<0.001) |
PSA prostate-specific antigen, PV prostate volume, FPG fasting plasma glucose, WC waist circumference, LUTS lower urinary tract symptoms, IPSS International Prostate Symptom Score, FINS fasting insulin, HbA1c glycosylated hemoglobin, FR/PVR flow rate/post-void residual, HOMA-IR homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance