Table 4. Perinatal and neonatal outcomes for HIV+ (n = 63) and HIV- (n = 42) maternal infant pairs.

Characteristic	Mean ± SD (range) or n (%)
	HIV+	HIV-	p-value
	(n = 63)	(n = 42)
Live birth frequency a	63 (100)	41 (98)	0.41
Proportion singleton births	63 (100)	42 (100)	-
Proportion male (%)	32 (51)	22 (52)	1
GA at birth (weeks)	39 ± 2 (32–42)	39 ± 2 (34–42)	0.49
Preterm birth (<37 weeks)	11 (18)	7 (17)	1
Birth weight (g)	3078 ± 484 (1800–4075)	3095 ± 557 (1925–4535)	0.87
Birth length (cm)	50 ± 4 (35–57)	50 ± 4 (38–57)	0.53
Median Apgar score at 5 min (range)	9 (7–10)	9 (8–10)	0.31
Congenital abnormality c	4 (3)	1 (3)	0.65
Neonatal complications d	6 (9)	3 (8)	0.24
Mild/Moderate neonatal withdrawal symptoms	13 (19)	7 (18)	0.8
Neonatal ZDV exposure b	62 (100)	2 (5)	-
Neonatal NVP exposure b	9 (14)	2 (5)	-

^a One infant born to an HIV- mother was stillborn.

^b Two HIV- control women were considered at high risk of contracting HIV due to drug use and unprotected intercourse with partners with unknown HIV status; therefore, infants were treated with zidovudine (ZDV) and nevirapine (NVP) as per standard of care.

^c Maternal HIV+ group: pulmonary artery stenosis (n = 2), pyloric stenosis (n = 1), hydronephrosis (n = 1); Maternal HIV- group: hydronephrosis (n = 1).

^d Maternal HIV+ group: mild respiratory distress (n = 1), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection (n = 1), seizures (n = 1), sepsis (n = 1), apnoea of prematurity (n = 1), pneumonia (n = 1); Maternal HIV- group: mild respiratory distress (n = 1), neonatal intensive care unit for >24 hours (n = 1), hyperbilirubinaemia (n = 1).

Continuous variables were tested for differences between the groups using t-tests; Apgar scores were compared using a Wilcoxon rank-sum test; categorical variables were compared using Chi Squared tests or Fisher exact tests where appropriate.

SD, standard deviation