Table 3. Gamma Regression of Total Charges Among Diabetic Foot Ulcer (DFU) Cases Presenting to Emergency Departments (ED) According to Patient Disposition.
| Treat and Release | Transfer | Major Amputation | Minor Amputation | Inpatient Death | Admission Only | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [exp(b)] | [exp(b)] | [exp(b)] | [exp(b)] | [exp(b)] | [exp(b)] | |
| Patient Characteristics | ||||||
| Age (by decade) | 1.020 | 1.014 | 0.961 | 1.048*** | 0.877*** | 0.993 |
| Female Sex | 0.992 | 1.023 | 1.043 | 1.043*** | 0.972 | 1.014*** |
| Micropolitan/Non-Metro Residence | 1.005 | 0.883 | 0.842 | 0.892*** | 1.054 | 0.907*** |
| Regional Income Level (highest quartile = referent) | ||||||
| 3rd Quartile (50–75%) | 1.099 | 1.162 | 1.014 | 1.064 | 1.054 | 0.988 |
| 2nd Quartile (25–49%) | 1.107 | 1.199 | 0.991 | 1.032 | 0.943 | 1.022 |
| 1st Quartile (1–24%), lowest | 1.111 | 1.139 | 1.036 | 1.048 | 0.960 | 1.038 |
| Primary Payer, Medicare = referent | ||||||
| Medicaid | 0.966 | 0.899 | 1.117 | 1.140*** | 1.383*** | 1.037*** |
| Private Insurance | 1.028 | 1.136 | 0.994 | 0.942*** | 0.895 | 0.958*** |
| Self-Pay/Underinsured | 0.891*** | 0.882 | 1.109 | 1.066 | 1.109 | 0.993 |
| No Charge/Charity | 1.036 | 0.676 | 1.470 | 0.973 | 1.818 | 1.066 |
| Other | 0.824 | 0.818 | 1.100 | 1.199*** | 0.780 | 1.040 |
| Year | 1.164*** | 1.169*** | 0.994 | 0.988 | 0.968 | 0.997 |
| Comorbidities (Deyo-Charlson, Sepsis) | ||||||
| Acute Myocardial Infarction | 1.336*** | 0.810 | 1.097*** | 1.169*** | 1.073 | 1.149*** |
| Heart Failure | 1.362*** | 1.243*** | 1.141*** | 1.225*** | 0.995 | 1.144*** |
| Peripheral Vascular Disease | 1.408*** | 1.214*** | 0.925*** | 0.974 | 0.818*** | 1.033*** |
| Cerebrovascular Disease | 2.349*** | 1.550*** | 0.954 | 1.234*** | 1.008 | 1.099*** |
| Dementia | 1.417 | 0.701 | 0.838*** | 0.734*** | 0.919 | 0.921*** |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | 1.320*** | 1.125 | 0.995*** | 1.089*** | 1.044 | 1.044*** |
| Rheumatoid Disease | 1.416*** | 0.875 | 0.804 | 0.907 | 0.692*** | 0.916*** |
| Peptic Ulcer Disease | 2.137*** | 1.186 | 1.172 | 1.241*** | 1.592*** | 1.240*** |
| Mild Liver Disease | 1.434*** | 0.906 | 1.132 | 0.856 | 0.802 | 0.970 |
| Hemiplegia or Paraplegia | 1.712*** | 1.083 | 0.940 | 1.077 | 1.194 | 1.195*** |
| Renal Disease | 1.504*** | 1.220*** | 1.162*** | 1.216*** | 1.137*** | 1.130*** |
| Cancer | 1.458*** | 1.335 | 1.108 | 1.124 | 1.011 | 1.143*** |
| Moderate-to-Severe Liver Disease | 1.535 | 0.931 | 0.976 | 1.133 | 0.942 | 1.133*** |
| Metastatic Cancer | 1.086 | 0.929 | 1.016 | 1.338 | 0.851 | 1.096 |
| AIDS | 1.089 | 0.876 | 0.959 | 1.106 | 0.562 | 1.063*** |
| Sepsis | 3.650*** | 1.393*** | 1.383*** | 1.445*** | 1.324*** | 1.681*** |
| Hospital Characteristics | ||||||
| Micropolitan/Non-Metro Location | 0.779*** | 0.876 | 0.911 | 0.661*** | 0.503*** | 0.608*** |
| Teaching Facility | 1.072 | 0.127 | 1.024 | 0.832 | 1.085 | 0.988 |
| Geographic Region (referent = Northeast) | ||||||
| Midwest | 1.326*** | 1.061 | 0.696 | 0.669*** | 0.670*** | 0.685*** |
| South | 1.465*** | 1.516*** | 0.834 | 0.832*** | 0.912 | 0.841*** |
| West | 0.293*** | 0.364*** | 1.181 | 1.057 | 1.325*** | 1.142 |
exp(b) = exponentiated beta coefficient
***Statistically significant below the computed Simes (1986) false discovery rate p-value (p<0.030)