Serum cytokine analyses reveal increased systemic IL-6 and IL-12(p70) levels in PhIP+E. coli treated animals and a positive correlation between systemic IL-6 levels and the development of prostate cribriform PIN/CIS lesions. Serum levels of IFNγ, IL-4, IL-17, IL-6, IL-12(p70), and leptin as determined by Luminex assay (A). Significant differences are indicated, otherwise p > 0.05. Serum IL-6 and IL-12(p70) levels versus the presence or absence of cribriform PIN/CIS lesions in the ventral prostate (B). Only a subset of study animals were evaluated for leptin levels. Detectable levels of GM-CSF, IL-1a, IL-1b, IL-10, and TNFα were not observed in more than 1 study animal in any of the treatment groups, therefore data are not shown.