Table 1.
Demographic and vascular variables at baseline in men and women with NGT, IGT and T2DM.
| NGT |
NGT |
p value | IGT |
IGT |
p value | T2DM |
T2DM |
p value |
p value overall modela |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men (48) | Women (73) | Men (14) | Women (19) | Men (31) | Women (16) | ANOVA | ||||
| Age, years | 60.8 ± 5.2 | 58.9 ± 5.7 | NS | 62.6 ± 3.5 | 59.0 ± 5.1 | <0.05 | 61.4 ± 4.9 | 61.4 ± 3.1 | NS | 0.039 |
| Height, cm | 178 ± 8 | 165 ± 6 | <0.001 | 177 ± 6 | 164 ± 5 | <0.001 | 178 ± 6 | 161 ± 6 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Weight, kg | 89.4 ± 10.0 | 79.2 ± 11.4 | <0.001 | 92.1 ± 9.4 | 84.6 ± 13.7 | NS | 94.2 ± 13.0 | 81.7 ± 12.2 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 28.2 ± 2.2 | 29.1 ± 3.6 | NS | 29.4 ± 3.1 | 31.3 ± 4.6 | NS | 29.7 ± 3.7 | 31.3 ± 4.1 | NS | 0.008 |
| HR, bpm | 62 ± 9.5 | 64 ± 9 | – | 64 ± 10 | 64 ± 8 | – | 61 ± 10 | 65 ± 8 | – | 0.583c |
| SBP, mmHg | 134 ± 12 | 131 ± 19 | NS | 140 ± 9 | 131 ± 15 | <0.05 | 132 ± 12 | 131 ± 14 | NS | b– |
| DBP, mmHg | 84 ± 8 | 83 ± 9 | – | 84 ± 8 | 81 ± 8 | – | 80 ± 8 | 82 ± 7 | – | 0.254c |
| MAP, mmHg | 45 ± 4 | 44 ± 6 | NS | 47 ± 3 | 44 ± 5 | <0.05 | 44 ± 4 | 44 ± 5 | NS | b– |
| SVR, mmHg × min/L | 8.9 ± 2.1 (44)d | 10.6 ± 2.6 | <0.001 | 8.8 ± 1.3 | 9.9 ± 3.5 (17) | NS | 9.6 ± 2.4 (29) | 10.6 ± 2.4 | NS | b– |
| cIMT, mm | 0.79 ± 0.18 (47) | 0.77 ± 0.15 | NS | 0.85 ± 0.28 | 0.77 ± 0.13 (18) | NS | 0.87 ± 0.19 (30) | 0.80 ± 0.15 | NS | b– |
| cIM-GSM | 76 ± 21 (47) | 83 ± 21 | – | 77 ± 20 | 71 ± 23 (18) | – | 72 ± 21 (30) | 69 ± 19 | – | 0.056c |
| IMTrad, mm | 0.28 ± 0.06 (46) | 0.25 ± 0.06 (68) | <0.05 | 0.27 ± 0.04 (11) | 0.28 ± 0.06 (18) | NS | 0.32 ± 0.08 (29) | 0.26 ± 0.06 (14) | <0.01 | b– |
| PWVao, m/s | 8.7 ± 1.8 (46) | 9.5 ± 1.8 (67) | <0.01 | 8.1 ± 1.5 (13) | 9.2 ± 1.7 (18) | NS | 8.9 ± 1.7 (30) | 9.4 ± 1.7 (15) | NS | b– |
| AIxao, % | 28.9 ± 9.9 (46) | 38.0 ± 9.3 (67) | <0.001 | 25.2 ± 8.8 (13) | 36.6 ± 8.1 (18) | <0.01 | 28.9 ± 9.8 (30) | 36.6 ± 7.7 (15) | <0.01 | b– |
| cSBP, mmHg | 133 ± 13 (46) | 140 ± 25 (67) | NS | 134 ± 11 (13) | 145 ± 19 (18) | NS | 131 ± 18 (30) | 144 ± 15 (15) | <0.05 | b– |
| SI, m/s | 10.1 ± 2.4 (44) | 9.0 ± 1.5 (62) | <0.01 | 8.9 ± 1.5 (12) | 7.9 ± 1.2 | NS | 10.2 ± 2.2 (29) | 9.6 ± 1.7 (15) | NS | b– |
| RI, % | 78.2 ± 7.6 (44) | 72.6 ± 6.5 (62) | <0.001 | 75.4 ± 7.2 (12) | 67.8 ± 7.5 | <0.01 | 76.6 ± 7.5 (29) | 74.3 ± 6.7 (15) | NS | <0.001 |
| Max Workload, Watt | 191 ± 39 | 135 ± 25 | <0.001 | 190 ± 27 | 130 ± 21 | <0.001 | 173 ± 36 | 131 ± 18 | <0.001 | b– |
BMI: body mass index was calculated at the visits of vascular measurements; HR: heart rate; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; MAP: mean arterial blood pressure; SVR: systemic vascular resistance; cIMT: carotid intima–media thickness; cIM-GSM: carotid intima–media grey scale median; IMTrad: intima–media thickness in the radial artery; PWVao: aortic pulse wave velocity; AIxao: aortic augmentation index; cSBP: central SBP; SI: stiffness index; RI: reflection index; NS: not significant; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; IGT: impaired glucose tolerance; NGT: normal glucose tolerance; ANOVA: analysis of variance.
Data are presented as mean ± SD.
ANOVA two-way model including groups according to gender (Table 1) and diagnostic group (NGT, IGT, T2DM; Table 2).
Mixed model used because assumptions for ANOVA were not satisfied.
Subgroup differences not tested because the overall model test ANOVA was not significant.
Number analysed.