. 2015 Aug 7;6:1121. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01121

Table 3.

Summary of participants, study design, and outcomes.

First author	Year	Participants				Study design	Comparison condition(s)	Outcomes at post-AAI
		N	Age (years)	Gender (% male)	Type of trauma
Woolley^a	2004	21	11–17	52	Abuse	Non-randomized control	Residential care without farm visits	↓ Anxiety (pre-session^, pre-AAI−, post-comparison−) ↓ Depression (pre-session^^b, pre-AAI−, post-comparison−) − Global functioning
Hamama	2011	9	14–16	0	Abuse	Pre-post	None	↓ PTSD symptoms (pre-AAI^*) ↓ Depression (pre-AAI^{^†}) − Coping, subjective well-being
McCullough^a	2011	11	10–18	55	Abuse	Pre-post	None	↓ PTSD symptoms (pre-AAI^) ↑ Human-animal bond (pre-AAI^)
Dietz	2012	153	7–17	7	Abuse	Non-randomized control	Group therapy without animal	↓ PTSD symptoms (pre-AAI^*, post-comparison−) ↓ Depression (pre-AAI^, post-comparison^) ↓ Anxiety, dissociation, anger (pre-AAI^, post-comparison^) ↓ Sexual concerns (pre-AAI^, post-comparison^)
Nevins	2013	1	52	100	War	Pre-post	None	↓ PTSD symptoms, depression, dissatisfaction ↑ Happiness, resilience, satisfaction, sleep, social support
Murrow^a	2013	9	4–12	33	Abuse	Pre-post	None	↑ Approach behaviors toward the dog − Social-emotional competencies
Balluerka	2014	46	12–17	70	Abuse	Non-randomized control	Residential care without farm visits	↑ Attachment security (pre-AAI^*, post-comparison−) − Trauma, family concern, parental interference, self-sufficiency
Kemp	2013	30	8–17	20	Abuse	AB	Individual counseling without animal	↓ Depression, maladaptive behavior (pre-AAI ^*, post-comparison^) for children ↓ PTSD symptoms, anxiety, depression, dissociation, sexual concerns (pre-AAI ^*, post-comparison^) for adolescents
Lass-Hennemann	2014	80	–	0	Video	Randomized control	Stuffed dog, person, or alone	↓ Anxiety, negative affect (alone^*, stuffed dog^, person−) − Blood pressure, cortisol level, heart rate, positive affect
Newton^a	2014	6	–	83	War	–	None	↓ Depression, fear of public spaces, medication use, nightmares ↑ Outreach

AAI, Animal-Assisted Intervention; PTSD, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder; −, not reported; Pre-post, simple pre-test and post-test only; AB, waitlist + treatment; ↑ greater, ↓ less, − minimal/no change at post-AAI compared to pre-session (comparison of before to after individual AAI sessions), pre-AAI (comparison of before to after the AAI program in its entirety), and/or post-comparison condition (comparison of after the AAI program to after the control condition);

^†

p < 0.10;

p < 0.05;

^**

p < 0.01;

^***

p < 0.001.

Unpublished thesis.

Significant at one of three time points. The largest p-value was used if multiple tests evaluated the same outcome.