Table 2.

Imaging biomarkers of hepatocellular carcinoma patients receiving antiangiogenic therapy

Treatment	Imaging study	Patient n	Predictive value	Prognostic value	Ref.
Sorefinib or sunitinib	Perfusion CT, DCEUS	19	≤ 40% decrease in AUC at 1 mo correlates with PD		Frampas et al[113]
Sorafenib	CEUS	21	Reduction in enhancement correlates with response		Moschouris et al[114]
Sorafenib	Perfusion CT	10	Increase in MTT correlates with AFP response		Sacco et al[115]
Sunitinib	DCEMRI	24	Decreased Ktrans or Kep correlate PR/SD		Zhu et al[24]
Sunitinib	DWI, MRP	23	Decreased Ktrans or Kep at week 2 correlate with response	High baseline Ktrans and decrease in EVF correlate with longer PFS	Sahani et al[107]
Bevacizumab	Perfusion CT	25	Low baseline MTT correlates with PD; increased MTT correlates with PR/SD		Zhu[2]
Bevacizumab	DCEUS	42	Decrease between day 0-3 of AUC, AUC during wash-in, AUC during wash-out, time to peak intensity correlate with tumor response	Time to peak intensity correlates with PFS; AUC and ACU during wash-out correlate with OS	Lassau et al[116]
Bevacizumab/ gemcitabine and oxaliplatin	Perfusion CT, dual-phase contrast enhanced CT	23	High baseline MTT correlates with PR/SD; high baseline Ktrans correlates with responder	High baseline MTT correlates with better PFS	Jiang et al[117]
Bevacizumab	Perfusion CT	22		Reduction in percentage change of FD and low baseline FD correlate with longer OS	Hayano et al[118]
Thalidomide	Power Doppler US	47	High baseline vascular index in responder		Hsu et al[110]
Thalidomide	Perfusion CT	18	High baseline blood flow and blood volume correlates with progression		Petralia et al[119]
Thalidomide/ radiotherapy	DCEMRI	22	High baseline and week 2 Slope in responder	Perfusion parameters over liver parenchyma correlate with PFS and OS	Liang et al[87]
Pazopanib	DCEMRI	26	Reductions in IAUGC and Ktrans not correlate with pharmacokinetic parameters		Yau et al[120]

CT: Computed tomography; DCEUS: Dynamic contrast enhanced ulatrasonography; AUC: Area under curve; PD: Progressive disease; CEUS: Contrast enhanced ultrasonography; MTT: Mean transit time; AFP: α-fetal protein; DCEMRI: Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging; K^trans: Transfer constant; K_ep: Redistribution rate constant; PR: Partial response; SD: Stable disease; DWI: Diffusion weighted imaging; MRP: Magnetic resonance imaging derived perfusion parameter; EVF: Extracellular volume fraction; PFS: Progression free survival; FD: Fractal dimension; OS: Overall survival; Slope: Initial first-pass enhancement slope; IAUGC: Initial area under the tissue gadolinium concentration-time curve.