Table 3.

Identified barriers and examples of appropriate interventions in different domains

Domain	Identified barriers	Example of appropriate interventions [32]
Knowledge	Lack of knowledge of what should be reported	Information delivery methods adopted to individual needs
	Lack of knowledge of definitions
	Lack of knowledge of guideline
Skills	Lack of skills in differentiating ADRs and MEs	Provide education to improve competency
Beliefs about consequences	Fear of punishment and criticism	Provide education on consequences
Motivation and goals	Lack of feedback	Provide more feedback such as timely alerts
	Lack of motivation	Provide information about impact of reporting, social influence (e.g., provide a role model)
	Heavy workload	Training on time management, provide help
	Lack of incentives	Provide appropriate incentives
Environmental constraints	Lack of sufficient human resources	Establish specific department for drug safety
	Lack of sufficient time for reporting	Revise reporting procedures
	Complicated yellow card	Revise and redesign yellow card
	Complicated administrative reporting procedure	Redesign reporting procedure
	Lack of reporting facilities	Provide appropriate facilities
	Lack of clinical pharmacist	Recruit and train clinical pharmacist
	No access to yellow cards	Easy access to yellow cards
Social influences	Lack of teamwork	Training to change group processes
	Lack of active support by hospital management and other colleagues	Organize social influence (provide support )