Figure 1.

Experimental design. A reciprocal cross design was used to uncouple parent-of-origin effects from lineage-of-origin effects. Two colonies were produced with Africanized maternity (AE) and two colonies with European maternity (EA). As a result, F1 workers from both colonies will be genotypically identical, but the parent-of-origin for each allele varies across colonies. Predicted allelic expression is shown for sites with no bias, a parent-of-origin bias, or a lineage-of-origin (e.g., allelic) bias.