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Regional expression of SuVIA in the venom duct and its proposed defensive role. LC-MS trace of the distal venom extract (a) shows a low expression level of SuVIA, whereas it is abundant in the proximal extract (b). (c) Based on its proximal expression profile and its mode of action probably inducing pain, we propose a defensive role for δ-conotoxins to deter potential vertebrate predators such as fishes.
