Table 4.

Summary of cardiac scaffolds with immobilization of GFs developed in the last years.

incorporation method	polymer	angiogenic factor	method of preparation	model	result	reference
porous composite scaffold loaded with microspheres	PLGA microspheres alginate	bFGF		myocardial implantation in rat	controlled release of bFGF promoted vascularization	[102]
composite scaffold	poly(ether)urethane–poly-(di-methylsiloxane) fibrin	VEGF bFGF	spray phase inversion method	subcutaneous implant and unilateral hindlimb ischaemia model in rat	enhanced angiogenesis	[122]
hollow fibre	cellulose acetate	VEGF SIP	double injection extrusion precipitation method	subcutaneous implant model in mice		[123]
covalently immobilized GF	collagen	VEGF Ang-1	commercial scaffold (Ultrafoam collagen sponge)	chicken chorioallantoin membrane angiogenesis assay	enhanced angiogenesis compared with soluble VEGF and Ang-1	[124]
polymeric injectable carrier	poly(trimethlene carbonate)	VEGF		subcutaneous injection in rat	local GF delivery	[125]
dual-layered scaffold	poly(trimethlene carbonate)	VEGF HGF	cross-linking	in vitro HAECs	release of dual GFs at similar and controlled rates	[126]
fibrous membranes	dextran PLGA	VEGF	coaxial electrospinning	in vitro	promoted cell proliferation	[127]
alginate hydrogel	alginate	VEGF	cross-linking	Hindlimb ischaemia in mice		[128]
hydrogel with surface cross-linked heparin	star-PEG	VEGF FGF-2	cross-linking	HUVECs in vitro and chicken chorioallantoin membrane angiogenesis assay	enhanced angiogenic activity compared with signal factor immobilization	[129,130]
covalently immobilized VEGF	collagen	VEGF	commercial scaffold (Ultrafoam collagen sponge)	replacement after resection of the right ventricle	promoted tissue formation	[131]
biometric hydrogel with adhesive peptide sequence RGD	PEG diacrylate	VEGF	photopolymerization	HUVECs and hMECs in vitro	promoted EC proliferation, migration and viability	[132]
surface cross-linked heparin	polycarprolactone	VEGF	solvent casting particulate leaching	subcutaneous implant model in mice	improved VEGF efficacy	[133]
temperature-sensitive injectable hydrogels	PVL-b-PEG-b-PVL	VEGF	metal free cationic method	myocardial implantation in rat	stabilization of the infarct	[134]
collagen patch	collagen	VEGF		myocardial implantation in rat	improved LV function enhanced vascularization	[135]
	PEG	EPO		rat model	improvement in fractional shortening LV end diastolic diameter LV end systolic diameter	[136]
	poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-propylacrylic acid-co-butyl acrylate) (p(NIPAAm-co-PAA-co-BA))	bFGF		rat model	increase in vessel density and fractional shortening	[137]
fibrous membranes	PLLA	G-CSF	electrospining	C2C12 in vitro	cell elongation and appearance of cellular junctions	[138]