Figure 1.

Select reward circuit functions as defined by optogenetic and chemogenetic manipulations. (a) A variety of cortico-striato-pallidal, amygdalar, thalamic and midbrain circuits, and specific cell types within them, contribute to distinct motivated behaviours, such as place preference [85,111,113,114], intracranial self-stimulation [25,62,115–121] and place aversion [79,113,114,120,122–125]. (b) Neural projections that contribute to relapse produced by cocaine-prime, cues or prime + cue [10,126–128], footshock-resistant alcohol seeking [129] and cocaine place preference [130] include prefrontal cortical, striato-pallidal and amygdalar circuits. BLA, basolateral amygdala; BNST, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis; CeA, central nucleus of the amygdala; core, nucleus accumbens core; IL, infralimbic cortex; LHb, lateral habenula; LH, lateral hypothalamus; LDTg, laterodorsal tegmentum; PL, prelimbic cortex; shell, nucleus accumbens shell; SNR, substantia nigra; VP, ventral pallidum; VTA, ventral tegmental area. (Online version in colour.)