Table 5.
Fixed-Effects Estimates of the Association Between Change in Obesity Status and Change in Test Scores from 1988 to 1994, Cohort 1
| PPVT-Ra | PIAT Matha | PIAT Readinga | WISC-Ra | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95% CI) | Nb | β (95% CI) | N | β (95% CI) | N | β (95% CI) | N | |
| Model 1c | ||||||||
| Entire sample | 0.59 (5.52; 6.71) | 514 | 2.29 (−2.47; 7.05) | 1268 | 0.27 (−5.53; 6.01) | 785 | −0.25 (−1.02; 0.52) | 500 |
| Girls | 2.49 (−5.23; 10.21) | 274 | 1.49 (−4.79; 7.78) | 647 | 1.40 (−6.57; 9.38) | 409 | −0.46 (−1.53; 0.62) | 239 |
| Boys | −1.59 (−11.36; 8.18) | 240 | 3.21 (−4.02; 10.44) | 621 | −1.12 (−9.59; 7.34) | 376 | −0.07 (−1.18; 1.03) | 261 |
| Model 2d | ||||||||
| Entire sample | 1.47 (−4.83; 7.76) | 503 | 2.54 (−2.41; 7.57) | 1218 | 0.49 (−5.50; 6.50) | 759 | −0.03 (−0.82; 0.75) | 482 |
| Girls | 3.12 (−4.76; 11.01 | 271 | 0.61 (−6.05; 7.28) | 620 | 1.44 (−6.87; 9.75) | 393 | −0.17 (−1.27; 0.93) | 227 |
| Boys | −0.31 (−10.58; 9.97) | 232 | 4.60 (−2.91; 12.12) | 598 | −0.64 (−9.30; 8.01) | 366 | 0.06 (−1.07; 1.19) | 255 |
Dependent variables represent age-standardized difference scores (score in 1994−score in 1988).
Number of valid observations.
Fixed-effects model, includes within-subject difference scores for the exposure (obesity) and outcome (test scores) over the study period; all time-invariant child, family, and household characteristics that impact both obesity status and cognitive test scores are effectively cancelled out of the regression equation.
Fixed-effects model with additional time-variant confounders: height percentile and HOME percentile score.
PPVT-R, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised; PIAT, Peabody Individual Achievement Test in reading Comprehension and Mathematics; WISC-R, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised: Digit Span Subscale.