Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics and CIMT in the CCA of participants.
| Variable | Male (n = 497) | Female (n = 192) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 49 ± 8 | 52 ± 8 | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.6 ± 3.0 | 23.6 ± 4.0 | < 0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 125.0 ± 13.9 | 124.0 ± 15.7 | 0.42 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 77.6 ± 9.6 | 76.4 ± 10.3 | 0.16 |
| Hypertension, yes | 147 (29.58) | 58 (30.21) | 0.86 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 6.0 ± 1.5 | 6.6 ± 2.0 | < 0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 2.7 ± 3.1 | 2.7 ± 3.4 | 0.79 |
| Hypercholesterolemiaa, yes | 203 (40.8) | 99 (51.6) | 0.01 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.6 ± 0.5 | < 0.001 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.6 ± 1.3 | 3.7 ± 1.7 | 0.63 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) | 5.5 ± 1.4 | 5.3 ± 1.1 | 0.10 |
| DMb, yes | 169 (34.0) | 68 (35.2) | 0.71 |
| Ever smoking habit, yes | 163 (32.8) | 3 (1.6) | < 0.001 |
| Current smoker | 108 (21.69) | 2 (1.04) | < 0.001 |
| Education, < 12 years | 106 (21.33) | 60 (31.3) | 0.006 |
| Lipid-lowering treatment | 51 (10.26) | 13 (6.77) | 0.16 |
| CIMT (mm) | |||
| CCA, mean | 0.58 ± 0.11 | 0.56 ± 0.10 | 0.04 |
| Maximum | 0.73 ± 0.14 | 0.70 ± 0.12 | 0.06 |
| LCCA, mean | 0.59 ± 0.13 | 0.57 ± 0.12 | 0.09 |
| Maximum | 0.73 ± 0.15 | 0.72 ± 0.17 | 0.30 |
| RCCA, mean | 0.58 ± 0.12 | 0.56 ± 0.10 | 0.04 |
| Maximum | 0.72 ± 0.15 | 0.69 ± 0.11 | 0.02 |
| Values are mean ± SD or n (%). aCholesterol level ≥ 6.2 mmol/L or being treated with lipid-lowering medications. bFasting glucose levels ≥ 7.0 mmol/L, a history of DM controlled by medication, or DM diagnosed by the oral glucose tolerance test (glucose level at 120 min postchallenge ≥ 11.1 mmol/L). | |||