Table 3.
Associations of systolic and diastolic blood pressures with annual averages of particulate matter and nitrogen oxides.
| Exposures (increment)/models | mmHg (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|
| Systolic BP | Diastolic BP | |
| PM10 (10 μg/m3) | ||
| Crude | 0.21 (–0.31, 0.73) | 0.75 (0.45, 1.05) |
| Main | 0.33 (–0.17, 0.84) | 0.73 (0.44, 1.03) |
| Extended | 0.45 (–0.08, 0.99) | 0.77 (0.46, 1.09) |
| PM2.5–10 (5 μg/m3) | ||
| Crude | –0.11 (–0.40, 0.19) | 0.50 (0.33, 0.67) |
| Main | –0.03 (–0.31, 0.26) | 0.46 (0.30, 0.63) |
| Extended | –0.01 (–0.30, 0.28) | 0.46 (0.29, 0.63) |
| PM2.5 (5 μg/m3) | ||
| Crude | –0.01 (–0.28, 0.25) | –0.09 (–0.24, 0.06) |
| Main | 0.08 (–0.17, 0.34) | –0.02 (–0.18, 0.13) |
| Extended | 0.11 (–0.15, 0.38) | –0.05 (–0.20, 0.11) |
| PM2.5 absorbance (10–5/m) | ||
| Crude | –0.06 (–0.73, 0.60) | 0.72 (0.34, 1.10) |
| Main | 0.15 (–0.49, 0.78) | 0.62 (0.24, 0.99) |
| Extended | 0.26 (–0.41, 0.94) | 0.63 (0.23, 1.03) |
| NOx (20 μg/m3) | ||
| Crude | –0.16 (–0.43, 0.11) | 0.33 (0.17, 0.49) |
| Main | –0.00 (–0.26, 0.26) | 0.34 (0.19, 0.50) |
| Extended | 0.07 (–0.23, 0.37) | 0.41 (0.23, 0.59) |
| NO2 (10 μg/m3) | ||
| Crude | –0.04 (–0.40, 0.31) | 0.65 (0.45, 0.86) |
| Main | 0.17 (–0.18, 0.51) | 0.65 (0.44, 0.85) |
| Extended | 0.28 (–0.10, 0.66) | 0.74 (0.52, 0.97) |
| The main models were calculated by generalized linear models, adjusted for sex, age, age mean-centered square, BMI, BMI mean-centered square, smoking status, alcohol consumption, education, hypertension, and diabetes. The extended models were further adjusted for traffic proximity in addition to covariates in the main models. | ||