Table 1.
Characteristics of mothers and their children [n (%) or median (10th–90th percentile)].
| Characteristic | Greenland (n = 531) | Ukraine (n = 491) |
|---|---|---|
| Child characteristics | ||
| Sex | ||
| Male | 286 (54) | 260 (53) |
| Female | 242 (46) | 228 (47) |
| Missing (n) | 3 | 3 |
| Gestational age (weeks) | ||
| ≥ 37 | 503 (95) | 479 (98) |
| < 37 | 25 (5) | 9 (2) |
| Missing (n) | 3 | 3 |
| Gestational age at blood sampling | 25 (5–42) | 23 (9–40) |
| Missing (n) | 3 | 3 |
| Birth weight (g) | 3,600 (2,840–4,370) | 3,285 (2,800–3,800) |
| Missing (n) | 6 | 1 |
| Age at follow-up (years) | 8.3 (7.3–9.1) | 7.0 (6.6–7.6) |
| Missing (n) | 10 | 0 |
| Anthropometric measures at follow-up | ||
| Weight (kg) | 29.0 (23.7–38.3) | 24.0 (20.0–30.0) |
| Missing (n) | 93 | 0 |
| Height (cm) | 131 (122–138) | 124 (117–131) |
| Missing (n) | 45 | 0 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 17.0 (14.9–20.6) | 15.8 (13.9–18.3) |
| Missing (n) | 98 | 0 |
| BMI z-scores | 0.7 (–0.5–2.2) | 0.2 (–1–1.5) |
| Missing (n) | 105 | 3 |
| Waist-to-height ratio | 0.5 (0.4–0.6) | 0.4 (0.4–0.5) |
| Waist-to-height ratio > 0.5 | 124 (31) | 35 (7) |
| Missing (n) | 136 | 1 |
| Weight status | ||
| Normal (≥ –2 to ≤ 1 SD) | 272 (64) | 381 (78) |
| Overweight (+1 SD) | 103 (24) | 66 (13) |
| Obese (+2 SD) | 49 (11) | 29 (6) |
| Underweight (< –2 SD) | 2 (1) | 14 (3) |
| Missing (n) | 105 | 1 |
| Maternal characteristics | ||
| Maternal age at birth (years) | 26 (20–36) | 24 (20–32) |
| Missing (n) | 38 | 24 |
| Maternal prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 24 (20–30) | 21 (18–26) |
| Missing (n) | 2 | 8 |
| Parity | ||
| 0 | 169 (32) | 399 (81) |
| > 0 | 362 (68) | 92 (19) |
| Maternal smoking during pregnancy | ||
| Yes (serum cotinine > 10 ng/mL) | 297 (56) | 76 (15) |
| No (serum cotinine ≤ 10 ng/mL) | 234 (44) | 415 (85) |
| Maternal educational level | ||
| Unskilled | 226 (43) | 183 (37) |
| Skilled/professional | 305 (47) | 308 (63) |
| BMI, body mass index. There are no missing data for parity, maternal smoking during pregnancy, or maternal education. | ||