Table 4.
Maternal PFOA and PFOS concentrations during pregnancy and adjusted relative risk (RR) of offspring waist-to-height ratio > 0.5 at 5–9 years.
| Substance/country/tertile | Overall | Girls | Boys | p-Interaction | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Adjusteda RR (95% CI) | n | Adjusteda RR (95% CI) | n | Adjusteda RR (95% CI) | Exposure × sex | |
| PFOA | |||||||
| Greenland | |||||||
| Low | 177 | 1.00 | 82 | 1.00 | 96 | 1.00 | |
| Medium | 177 | 1.32 (0.92, 1.90) | 82 | 1.93 (1.15, 3.24) | 95 | 0.92 (0.52, 1.61) | 0.06 |
| High | 177 | 1.18 (0.80, 1.74) | 81 | 1.65 (0.94, 2.89) | 95 | 1.11 (0.65, 1.90) | 0.30 |
| Continuousb | 531 | 1.28 (0.91, 1.82) | 245 | 1.49 (0.95, 2.33) | 286 | 1.10 (0.66, 1.84) | 0.27 |
| Ukraine | |||||||
| Low | 164 | 1.00 | 77 | 1.00 | 87 | 1.00 | |
| Medium | 164 | 1.33 (0.61, 2.89) | 77 | 4.14 (0.81, 21.29) | 87 | 0.80 (0.27, 2.34) | 0.11 |
| High | 163 | 1.11 (0.48, 2.57) | 77 | 1.04 (0.12, 8.98) | 86 | 1.24 (0.48, 3.22) | 0.89 |
| Continuousb | 491 | 1.50 (0.83, 2.72) | 231 | 1.06 (0.44, 2.55) | 260 | 1.71 (0.74, 3.92) | 0.65 |
| Greenland & Ukraine | |||||||
| Continuousb,c | 1,022 | 1.30 (0.97, 1.74) | 476 | 1.41 (0.97, 2.05) | 546 | 1.25 (0.80, 1.95) | 0.06 |
| PFOS | |||||||
| Greenland | |||||||
| Low | 177 | 1.00 | 82 | 1.00 | 96 | 1.00 | |
| Medium | 177 | 1.14 (0.80, 1.63) | 82 | 1.64 (1.01, 2.66) | 95 | 0.83 (0.48, 1.43) | 0.08 |
| High | 177 | 1.22 (0.86, 1.74) | 81 | 1.63 (0.99, 2.68) | 95 | 1.06 (0.63, 1.77) | 0.30 |
| Continuousb | 531 | 1.31 (0.97, 1.77) | 245 | 1.44 (0.98, 2.11) | 286 | 1.19 (0.72, 1.97) | 0.57 |
| Ukraine | |||||||
| Low | 164 | 1.00 | 77 | 1.00 | 87 | 1.00 | |
| Medium | 164 | 1.43 (0.63, 3.25) | 77 | 0.55 (0.10, 2.99) | 87 | 1.85 (0.72, 4.80) | 0.32 |
| High | 163 | 1.44 (0.62, 3.31) | 77 | 1.78 (0.44, 7.18) | 86 | 0.98 (0.33, 2.92) | 0.41 |
| Continuousb | 491 | 1.67 (0.81, 3.47) | 231 | 2.45 (0.62, 9.60) | 260 | 1.36 (0.57, 3.26) | 0.33 |
| Greenland & Ukraine | |||||||
| Continuousb,c | 1,022 | 1.38 (1.05, 1.82) | 476 | 1.54 (1.06, 2.23) | 546 | 1.24 (0.82, 1.87) | 0.01 |
| WHtR, waist-to-height-ratio. aAdjusted for child sex, child age at follow-up, maternal age at birth, maternal prepregnancy body mass index, smoking during pregnancy, maternal education, and parity. bContinuous PFOA and PFOS are natural logarithm transformed. cAdditionally adjusted for country. Multiple imputation was used to impute missing data. | |||||||