Table 1.
Summary of life-history traits.
| Traits | Control | Solvent control | TBT L | TBT H |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parental generation (F0) | ||||
| Adult survival to 21 days (%) | 90 ± 10 | 90 ± 10 | 70 ± 15 | 70 ± 15 |
| Age at first reproduction (days) | 9 ± 0 | 9 ± 0 | 9 ± 0 | 9 ± 0 |
| Clutch size (n) | ||||
| F0-1 | 10.3 ± 0.4 | 9.2 ± 0.6 | 9 ± 0.5 | 8.5 ± 0.4 |
| F0-2 | 16.7 ± 0.6 | 17.1 ± 0.7 | 10.8 ± 0.7* | 13.6 ± 1.4* |
| F0-3 | 19.8 ± 0.5 | 19.7 ± 0.3 | 15.3 ± 0.7* | 15.4 ± 0.7* |
| F0-4 | 27 ± 1.0 | 26.6 ± 1.2 | 27.4 ± 1.1 | 27.1 ± 1.0 |
| F0-5 | 27.7 ± 0.7 | 29.1 ± 0.7 | 23.7 ± 1.5* | 21.1 ± 1.7* |
| Total offspring (n) | 101.8 ± 1.9 | 101.7 ± 2.2 | 87.6 ± 1.8* | 82.9 ± 2.6* |
| r0 | 0.335 ± 0.004 | 0.325 ± 0.009 | 0.313 ± 0.003* | 0.304 ± 0.01* |
| Neonate size (μm) | ||||
| N0-1 | 732.4 ± 6.2 | 723.6 ± 4.3 | 735 ± 6.5* | 655.3 ± 4.6* |
| N0-2 | 764.5 ± 6.0 | 762.8 ± 10.4 | 766 ± 3.7 | 763 ± 4.8 |
| N0-3 | 793.8 ± 7.7 | 809.6 ± 9.0 | 807.3 ± 5.2 | 801.7 ± 12 |
| N0-4 | 821.4 ± 9.8 | 809 ± 8.7 | 798.7 ± 10.7 | 787.6 ± 8.4 |
| N0-5 | 827.3 ± 10.7 | 834.7 ± 6.3 | 813.6 ± 8.2 | 812.4 ± 4.1 |
| Body length (μm) | ||||
| S0-1 | 2454.6 ± 13.9 | 2481.1 ± 23.4 | 2407.1 ± 16.2* | 2305.8 ± 23.9* |
| S0-2 | 2618.2 ± 28.4 | 2684.9 ± 42.3 | 2574.3 ± 25.4* | 2445.7 ± 35* |
| S0-3 | 2842.2 ± 22.6 | 2858.2 ± 27.5 | 2861.2 ± 28.9 | 2790.8 ± 17.1 |
| S0-4 | 3145.4 ± 25.6 | 3133.5 ± 44.4 | 3108.3 ± 24.2 | 3,134 ± 21.3 |
| S0-5 | 3275.4 ± 20.6 | 3248.4 ± 34.5 | 3274.7 ± 36.4 | 3239.3 ± 19.9 |
| S0-6 | 3377.7 ± 20.2 | 3340.9 ± 29.3 | 3337.6 ± 25.3 | 3344.7 ± 14.1 |
| First generation (F1) | ||||
| N0-1 (μm) | 741.1 ± 13.5 | 755 ± 12.2 | 744.1 ± 9.6* | 641.7 ± 12.0* |
| Survival starvation (days) | 6.1 ± 1.1 | 5.2 ± 2.4 | 4.5 ± 2.1 | 5.9 ± 1.2 |
| Juvenile survival (%) | 100 ± 0.0 | 100 ± 0.0 | 100 ± 0.0 | 80 ± 13.3 |
| Adult survival to 21 days (%) | 100 ± 0.0 | 100 ± 0.0 | 60 ± 16.3* | 40 ± 16.3* |
| Age at first reproduction (days) | 10.1 ± 0.1 | 10.1 ± 0.1 | 10 ± 0.0 | 10.9 ± 0.4 |
| Clutch size (n) | ||||
| F1-1 | 16.7 ± 0.7 | 17 ± 1.0 | 17.4 ± 1.1 | 14.8 ± 1.0 |
| F1-2 | 20.1 ± 0.8 | 22.3 ± 0.7 | 22 ± 1.2 | 20.2 ± 1.6 |
| F1-3 | 24.9 ± 0.7 | 25.1 ± 0.8 | 25.5 ± 1.4 | 22.3 ± 2.1 |
| F1-4 | 27.2 ± 0.7 | 26.7 ± 0.6 | 26.8 ± 0.7* | 20.3 ± 1.8* |
| Total offspring (n) | 88.6 ± 2.1 | 91.1 ± 2.3 | 64.2 ± 11.2* | 48.6 ± 9.9* |
| r1 | 0.33 ± 0.0 | 0.34 ± 0.0 | 0.28 ± 0.01* | 0.23 ± 0.02* |
| Neonate size (μm) | ||||
| N1-1 | 725.3 ± 9.4 | 717.1 ± 6.9 | 712.3 ± 6.2 | 706.6 ± 5.9 |
| N1-2 | 788 ± 9.7 | 778.7 ± 15.1 | 776.3 ± 9.6 | 748.5 ± 17.6 |
| N1-3 | 803.2 ± 8 | 791.7 ± 6.1 | 797.2 ± 4.8 | 810.1 ± 4.0 |
| N1-4 | 866.4 ± 9.6 | 881.1 ± 2.6 | 864.4 ± 6.3 | 8639.2 ± 2.0 |
| Body length (μm) | ||||
| S1-1 | 2,656 ± 63.7 | 2642.3 ± 46.1 | 2608.7 ± 35.6 | 2686.8 ± 50.3 |
| S1-2 | 2686.8 ± 50.3 | 2,656 ± 63.7 | 2679.6 ± 44.3 | 2589.6 ± 36.3 |
| S1-3 | 3004.9 ± 43.6 | 3049.1 ± 54.4 | 3021.5 ± 29.1 | 2890.2 ± 52.4 |
| S1-4 | 3202.1 ± 39 | 3204.4 ± 41.9 | 3208.5 ± 38.8 | 3071.9 ± 103 |
| S1-5 | 3,297 ± 41.1 | 3337.5 ± 28.8 | 3340.1 ± 25.6 | 3258.3 ± 25.0 |
| Values for life-history traits (mean ± SE; n = 10) are for adult females exposed to TBT during their adolescent instar (F0) and for their offspring (F1) that were exposed to TBT during the egg provisioning stage. Abbreviations: F, clutch size; N, neonate size; r, population growth rate (day–1); S, body length (μm). For each trait, the first number indicates the generation, and the second number refers to the brood or adult instar number. *p < 0.05 compared with solvent controls, by ANOVA and Dunnett’s post hoc test. | ||||