Table 4. Convergent validity, reliability and sensitivity of the CES-D.
| Convergent validity | |||||||||
| Pearson's Correlation (n = 3686) | |||||||||
| PHQ-9 | SF-12 v2 MCS | ||||||||
| CES-D | 0.78 ^^ | -0.75 ^^ | |||||||
| PHQ-9 | -0.65 ^^ | ||||||||
| Reliability | |||||||||
| Internal consistency (n = 3686) | |||||||||
| McDonald’s omega hierarchical (ωH) | |||||||||
| General depression | 0.855 | ||||||||
| Somatic | 0.434 | ||||||||
| Depressed affect | 0.038 | ||||||||
| Positive affect | 0.738 | ||||||||
| Interpersonal problems | 0.730 | ||||||||
| Distribution of change of mental health at 2-week interview (n = 383) | |||||||||
| Worsened mental health (n, %) | 80 (20.9%) | ||||||||
| Stable mental health (n, %) | 58 (15.1%) | ||||||||
| Improved mental health (n, %) | 245 (64.0%) | ||||||||
| 2-week test-retest reliability # | |||||||||
| Intraclass correlation coefficient *(n = 58) | 0.91 | ||||||||
| Sensitivity (n = 3521) ‡ | |||||||||
| No depression | Depression | ||||||||
| n = 3257 | n = 264 | Cohen’s d | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | P-value + | Effect Size | AUC | (95% CI) | ||||
| CES-D | 8.80 (8.51) | 19.53 (13.14) | <0.01 | 0.97 | 0.750 | (0.72, 0.78) | |||
| PHQ-9 | 4.05 (4.03) | 8.98 (6.20) | <0.01 | 0.94 | 0.747 | (0.71, 0.78) | |||
| SF-12 v2 MCS | 53.70 (10.42) | 42.31 (15.17) | <0.01 | 0.88 | 0.724 | (0.69, 0.76) | |||
AUC: the area under a receiver operating characteristic curve. CES-D: the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. CI: confidence interval. CES-D: the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Cohen’s d effect size = (μFollowup- μBaseline)/σpooled. PHQ-9: the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. SD: standard deviation. SF-12 v2 MCS: the Short Form-12 Health Survey version 2 Mental Component Summary.
‡ 165 subjects had missing data.
^^ Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
#Only subjects with stable mental health (n = 58) were included in the assessment of test-retest reliability.
*Two-way random model
+ Independent t-test was used.