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Essential roles of PKR in the regulation of HMGB1 release/secretion. HMGB1 is released by activated macrophages/monocytes through complex mechanisms dependent on the activation of PKR, which may regulate the JAK/STAT1-dependent nuclear-cytoplasmic HMGB1 translocation, RIP1/RIP3-dependent necroptosis, and caspase 1-dependent pyroptosis
