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. 2015 Aug 8;2:20. doi: 10.1186/s40779-015-0047-0

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© Bao et al. 2015

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 4 — Distinct HMGB1-inhibition mechanisms of several herbal components. a Direct binding and inhibition of HMGB1 activities. b, c, d Divergent HMGB1 inhibition mechanisms. Different herbal components can inhibit HMGB1 action or release through divergently distinct mechanisms including PKR inactivation (Panel b), autophagic degradation (Panel c), or endocytic HMGB1 uptake and degradation (Panel d)