Table IV.
Kindergarten outcomes
| TNA | NNA | Persistent neurological abnormalities |
TNA vs NNA | TNA vs persistent neurological abnormalities |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Mean (SE) |
n | Mean (SE) |
n | Mean (SE) |
Adjusted mean difference (95% CI) |
Adjusted mean difference (95% CI) |
|
| Cognitive testing: Woodcock–Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilitiesa | ||||||||
| Total IQ: brief intellectual ability | 15 | 81 (5) | 86 | 91 (2) | 17 | 65 (4) | −10 (−21 to 0) | 15 (2 to 28)e |
| Verbal comprehension | 15 | 83 (5) | 87 | 91 (2) | 18 | 72 (4) | −8 (−18 to 2) | 11(−1 to 23) |
| Spatial relations | 15 | 84 (5) | 87 | 98 (2) | 17 | 75 (4) | −14 (−24 to −4)f | 9 (−3 to 22) |
| Visual matching | 16 | 79 (5) | 86 | 91 (2) | 17 | 65 (5) | −12 (−22 to −1)e | 14 (1 to 28)e |
| Concept formation | 16 | 90 (4) | 87 | 94 (2) | 17 | 77 (4) | −4 (−14 to 5) | 13 (1 to 25)e |
| Academic testing: Woodcock–Johnson Tests of Achievementa | ||||||||
| Reading: letter–word identification | 16 | 97 (4) | 88 | 108 (1) | 14 | 101 (4) | −11 (−18 to −3)f | −4 (−14 to 7) |
| Spelling | 16 | 76 (4) | 88 | 96 (2) | 12 | 83 (5) | −20 (−29 to −11)g | −7 (−19 to 6) |
| Mathematics: applied problems | 16 | 90 (5) | 85 | 98 (2) | 15 | 77 (5) | −8 (−18 to 2) | 13 (1 to 26)e |
| Motor | ||||||||
| Motor proficiency: BOT2b | 16 | 38 (2) | 78 | 43 (1) | 16 | 28 (2) | −5 (−10 to 0) | 9 (3 to 16)f |
| Visual motor integrationa | 17 | 84 (4) | 88 | 92 (2) | 18 | 67 (4) | −7 (−16 to 1) | 17 (6 to 28)f |
| Behavior: Child Behavior Checklistb | ||||||||
| Internalizing problems | 17 | 48 (2) | 86 | 45 (1) | 16 | 47 (2) | 3 (−3 to 8) | 1 (−5 to 8) |
| Externalizing problems | 17 | 50 (3) | 86 | 47 (1) | 16 | 49 (3) | 2 (−3 to 8) | 1 (−7 to 8) |
| Total problems | 17 | 50 (3) | 86 | 46 (1) | 16 | 50 (3) | 3 (−3 to 9) | −1 (−8 to 7) |
| Attention problems | 17 | 59 (2) | 86 | 54 (1) | 16 | 57 (2) | 5 (2 to 9)c,d | 3 (−2 to 7)c |
Data are presented as adjusted mean (standard error [SE]). Means scores were adjusted for sex, ethnicity, and z-SES with the exception of sex for BOT2 and Child Behavior Checklist owing to sex norming of tests. z-SES is the mean of the sample’s z-scores of maternal education in years, family occupation,21 and median income for the neighborhood of residence based on data from the 2000 US Census.22
Standard scores represent the mean and SD for a normative sample with an average of 100 (SD 15).
Standard T scores represent normative sample with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10.
Non-parametric distribution, log of adjusted mean score used to normalize data and determine significance of difference between mean scores.
Non-significant when comparison made between transformed log scores, p=0.066.
p<0.05.
p<0.01.
p<0.001.
TNA, transient neurological abnormalities; NNA, neurologically normal assessment; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; BOT2, Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (2nd edition).