Table 1.

Mean ± standard deviation of the as-machined (MS) and titanium discs blasted with titanium oxide particles and washed with maleic acid solution (SAE) profilometry.

Implant surface topography*	Ra (μm)	Rq (μm)	Rz (μm)
As-machined (M)	0.14 ± 0.02	0.16 ± 0.01	1.61 ± 0.10
Sandblasted acid-etched   surface (SAE)	0.87 ± 0.14	1.12 ± 0.18	5.14 ± 0.69

^∗Statistically significant between the implant surface topographies (Student's t-test P = 0.0001), M < SAE; Ra: arithmetic average of the absolute values of all profile points; Rq: the root-mean-square of the values of all points; Rz: the average value of the absolute heights of the five highest peaks and the depths of the five deepest valleys.