Table 1.
The organ-protective effects and mechanisms of resveratrol in trauma-hemorrhagic injury.
| Species | Target organ | Effective dose | Effects and mechanisms | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sprague-Dawley rat | Liver | 30 mg/kg/BW | Estrogen receptor-dependent HO-1 expression↑ | [20] |
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| ||||
| Sprague-Dawley rat | Liver | 30 mg/kg/BW | Reduction of T-H-induced proinflammatory parameters (CINC-1↓, CINC-3↓, ICAM-1, MPO↓, and IL-6↓); Akt-dependent HO-1 expression↑ | [39] |
|
| ||||
| Sprague-Dawley rat | Liver | 30 mg/kg/BW | Reduction of T-H-induced proinflammatory parameters (CINC-1↓, CINC-3↓, ICAM-1, MPO↓, and IL-6↓); estrogen receptor-mediated pathway | [41] |
|
| ||||
| Sprague-Dawley rat | Liver | 30 mg/kg/BW | Reduction of T-H-induced mitochondria damage and hepatocyte injury; increase in SIRT1 expression; and decrease in p53 and NF-κB activity; IL-6↓, MDA↓ | [73] |
|
| ||||
| Sprague-Dawley rat | Lung | 30 mg/kg/BW | Reduction of T-H-induced proinflammatory parameters (CINC-1↓, CINC-3↓, ICAM-1, MPO↓, and IL-6↓) | [40] |
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| ||||
| Sprague-Dawley rat | Lung | 30 mg/kg/BW | Estrogen receptor-dependent HO-1 expression↑ | [20] |
|
| ||||
| Sprague-Dawley rat | Intestine | 30 mg/kg/BW | Reduction of T-H-induced proinflammatory parameters (CINC-1↓, CINC-3↓, ICAM-1, MPO↓, IL-6↓, and TNF-α↓); estrogen receptor-dependent P38/HO-1 expression↑ | [18] |
|
| ||||
| Sprague-Dawley rat | Heart | 8 mg/kg/BW | Reduction of T-H-induced left ventricular contractility impairment through elevated SIRT1 expression; cardiac ATP↓, cytosolic cytochrome C↓, and plasma TNF-α↓ | [86] |
|
| ||||
| Sprague-Dawley rat | Heart | Not available | Reduction of T-H-induced mitochondria damage and improving left ventricular function through restored SIRT1 activity and PDK1 expression | [94] |
|
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| Sprague-Dawley rat | Heart | 30 mg/kg/BW | Reduction of T-H-induced proinflammatory parameters (ICAM-1↓, MPO↓, and IL-6↓); reduction of T-H-induced cardiac injury through elevated p-Akt activity | [38] |
|
| ||||
| Sprague-Dawley rat | Endothelium | 30 mg/kg/BW | Acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation↓ through estrogen receptor-dependent pathway; ROS radical/NADPH oxidase expression↓ | [20] |
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| Sprague-Dawley rat | Aorta | 30 mg/kg/BW | NADPH-stimulated ROS↓; aortic p22phox, p47phox, gp91phox, NOX1, and NOX4 mRNA levels↓ | [20] |
Note: the species (Sprague-Dawley rat) are all the same in Table 1.
BW: body weight; ER: estrogen receptor; HO-1: hemeoxygenase-1; SIRT1: sirtuin 1; NF-κB: nuclear factor-kappa B; MDA: malondialdehyde; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; CINC-1: cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant 1; ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule 1; MPO: myeloperoxidase; IL-6: interleukin 6; ROS: reactive oxygen species; NOX: NADPH oxidase; PDK1: pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1.