Table 1. Characteristic of participants in Guangzhou, China.
| Women | Men | p-value | Non-NAFLD | NAFLD | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N, (%) | 2006 (68.3) | 929 (31.7) | 1449 (49.4) | 1486 (50.6) | ||
| age, y | 59.9 ± 5.5 | 62.4 ± 6.4 | < 0.001 | 60.6 ± 6.1 | 60.8 ± 5.7 | 0.317 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.4 ± 5.4 | 23.9 ± 3.0 | < 0.001 | 22.1 ± 2.6 | 25.0 ± 3.0 | < 0.001 |
| Smoking, N (%)a | 7.0 (0.3) | 325 (35.0) | < 0.001 | 158 (10.9) | 174 (11.7) | 0.491 |
| Tea drinker, N (%)b | 963 (48.1) | 690 (74.3) | < 0.001 | 757 (52.3) | 896 (60.3) | < 0.001 |
| Multivitamin user, N (%)c | 441 (22.0) | 120 (12.9) | < 0.001 | 276 (19.1) | 285 (19.2) | 0.921 |
| Household income, yuan/month/person, N (%) | 0.463 | 0.060 | ||||
| < 4000 | 1118 (55.7) | 496 (53.4) | 829 (57.2) | 795 (53.5) | ||
| 4000–6000 | 449 (22.4) | 216 (23.3) | 322 (22.2) | 334 (22.5) | ||
| > 6000 | 439 (21.9) | 217 (23.4) | 298 (20.6) | 357 (24.0) | ||
| PA, MET-h/dayd | 34.1 ± 5.4 | 33.8 ± 6.1 | 0.213 | 34.3 ± 5.7 | 33.6 ± 1.2 | < 0.001 |
| FBG, mmol/l | 4.96 ± 1.12 | 5.11 ± 1.14 | 0.001 | 4.89 ± 1.00 | 5.13 ± 1.23 | < 0.001 |
| Dietary intake, /day (mean ± SD) | ||||||
| Energy, kcal | 1512 ± 423 | 1773 ± 497 | < 0.001 | 1583 ± 445 | 1607 ± 481 | 0.162 |
| Carbohydrate, g | 213 ± 61 | 258 ± 77 | < 0.001 | 226 ± 68 | 229 ± 72 | 0.281 |
| Cholesterol, mg | 348 ± 180 | 366 ± 167 | 0.017 | 355 ± 164 | 355 ± 187 | 0.735 |
| Fiber, g | 11.5 ± 4.85 | 11.4 ± 4.76 | 0.865 | 11.4 ± 4.6 | 11.6 ± 5.0 | 0.452 |
| SFA, g | 12.5 ± 5.3 | 13.9 ± 6.3 | < 0.001 | 12.8 ± 5.5 | 13.1 ± 5.9 | 0.202 |
| PUFA, g | 12.4 ± 5.9 | 13.4 ± 6.1 | < 0.001 | 12.5 ± 5.5 | 12.9 ± 6.0 | 0.042 |
| Serum antioxidants, μmol/l (mean ± SD) | ||||||
| Lutein/zeaxanthin | 0.701 ± 0.349 | 0.637 ± 0.317 | < 0.001 | 0.732 ± 0.350 | 0.631 ± 0.324 | < 0.001 |
| β-cryptoxanthin | 0.178 ± 0.155 | 0.122 ± 0.101 | < 0.001 | 0.173 ± 0.147 | 0.148 ± 0.137 | < 0.001 |
| Lycopene | 0.199 ± 0.131 | 0.162 ± 0.118 | < 0.001 | 0.201 ± 0.131 | 0.173 ± 0.124 | < 0.001 |
| α-carotene | 0.078 ± 0.059 | 0.064 ± 0.048 | < 0.001 | 0.082 ± 0.061 | 0.064 ± 0.049 | < 0.001 |
| β-carotene | 0.586 ± 0.388 | 0.402 ± 0.298 | < 0.001 | 0.623 ± 0.404 | 0.434 ± 0.311 | < 0.001 |
| Total carotenoids | 1.74 ± 0.82 | 1.39 ± 0.66 | < 0.001 | 1.81 ± 0.82 | 1.45 ± 0.71 | < 0.001 |
Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index; PA, physical activity; FBG, fasting blood glucose; SFA, saturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid.
aSmoking: ≥ 1 cigarette/d in the past year.
bTea drinkers: ≥ 1 cup/week in the past year.
cMultivitamin user: ≥ 30 times in the past year.
dPA: Physical activities, in metabolic equivalent (MET) hours per day.