Table 2.
Stress effects on cognitive function.
| Species | Sex | Stressor | Task | Effect | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rat | M | 1 or 4 h restraint stress | NOR | Impairment | Vargas-Lopez et al., 2015 |
| Mouse | M | 1.5 h restraint stress | NOR | Impairment | Guercio et al., 2014 |
| Rat | M | 20 min restraint stress | MWM | Impairment | Kasar et al., 2009 |
| Rat | M | 30 min restraint stress acute | MWM | Improvement | Zheng et al., 2007 |
| Rat | M | 3 h restraint before water maze probe trial | MWM | Impairment | Buechel et al., 2014 |
| Rat | M | 30 min acute stress | AST | Improvement | Thai et al., 2013 |
| Rat | M | 2.5 h restraint stress | SA | Impairment | Amin et al., 2014 |
| Rat | M | 2 h restraint stress | FCO | Improvement | Cordero et al., 2003 |
| Rat | M | 6 h restraint stress for 7 days | NOR | Impairment | Bowman et al., 2009 |
| Rat | M | 1 h restraint stress for 10 days | NOP | Impairment | Gomez et al., 2012 |
| Rat | M | 6 h restraint stress for 14 days | NOP | Impairment | Park et al., 2015 |
| Rat | F | 6 h restraint stress for 7 days | NOP | Improvement | Bowman et al., 2009 |
| Rat | M | 6 h restraint stress 7 days | NOR | Impairment | Bowman et al., 2009 |
| Rat | M | 6 h restraint stress 13 days | RAM | Improvement | Bowman et al., 2009 |
| Rat | F | 6 h restraint stress 21 days | RAM | Improvement | Bowman et al., 2009 |
| Rat | M | 6 h restraint stress 21 days | RAM | Impairment | Bowman et al., 2009 |
| Rat | F | Chronic unpredictable restraint 21 days | RAWM | No effect | Ortiz et al., 2015 |
| Rat | M | Chronic unpredictable restraint 21 days | RAWM | Impairment | Ortiz et al., 2015 |
| Rat | M | 5 mg/kg s.c. corticosterone 21 days | MWM | Impairment | Trofimiuk and Braszko, 2015 |
| Mouse | M | 8 h restraint stress 21 days | MWM | Impairment | Tian et al., 2013 |
| Rat | M | 6 h restraint for 21 days | MWM | Impairment | Kasar et al., 2009 |
| Mouse | M | 2 h restraint stress daily for 8 weeks | MWM | Impairment | Huang et al., 2015 |
| Mouse | M | Chronic unpredictable stress 28 days | MWM | Impairment | Rinwa and Kumar, 2014 |
| Mouse | M | chronic unpredictable stress 40 days | MWM | Impairment | Bian et al., 2012 |
| Rat | M | 5 mg/kg s.c. corticosterone 21 days | BM | Impairment | Trofimiuk and Braszko, 2015 |
| Rat | M | Chronic restraint stress 6 h daily for 21 days | AST | Impairment | Liston et al., 2006 |
| Rat | M | Chronic unpredictable stress 14 days | AST | Impairment | Bondi et al., 2010 |
| Rat | M | Restraint stress 1 h daily for 7 days | AST | Impairment | Nikiforuk and Popik, 2011 |
| Mouse | M | 8 h restraint stress 21 days | PA | Impairment | Tian et al., 2013 |
| Rat | M | 6 h restraint stress 21 days | FCO | Improvement | Conrad et al., 1999 |
| Rat | M | 6 h restraint stress 21 days | FCO | Improvement | Sandi et al., 2001 |
| Rat | M | Chronic corticosterone po (50 μg/mL 14 days, 6 days titrate off) + washout (2–3 weeks) | FCO | Improvement | Monsey et al., 2014 |
Stress has complex effects on cognitive function that depend on the chronicity of the stressor, the sex of the experimental subject, and the cognitive task being used. AST, attentional set shifting task; BM, Barnes maze; FCO, fear conditioning; MWM, Morris water maze; NOP, novel object placement; NOR, novel object recognition; PA, Passive avoidance; RAM, radial arm maze; RAWM, radial arm water maze; SA, spontaneous alternation.