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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Oral Biosci. 2015 Aug 1;57(3):143–147. doi: 10.1016/j.job.2015.05.001

Figure 3. Basic schematic of NF-κB signaling through toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4).

Figure 3

LPS binds to TLR4 and induces a signaling cascade leading to activation of the IKK complex consisting of IKK-α, IKK-β and NEMO. Active IKK can phosphorylate IκB, which is subsequently degraded and releases NF-κB dimers to translocate into the nucleus, where they regulate transcription. κB-Ras inhibits stimulus-dependent degradation of IκB-β and thus reduces NF-κB activation.