Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics of Sampled Families, Youth, their Adolescent Neighborhoods and their Teen Outcomes
| Mean | Std. Dev. | Min | Max | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcomes | ||||
| Ever worked prior to age 18 | 0.44 | 0.50 | 0 | 1 |
| Ave. # hours worked weekly prior to age 18 | 8.80 | 11.62 | 0 | 42 |
| Predictor Measures | ||||
| Child Characteristics | ||||
| Gender and ethnicity of child (omitted=African American male) | ||||
| Latina Female | 0.26 | 0.44 | 0.0 | 1.0 |
| Latino Male | 0.32 | 0.47 | 0.0 | 1.0 |
| African American Female | 0.24 | 0.43 | 0.0 | 1.0 |
| African American Male | 0.18 | 0.39 | 0.0 | 1.0 |
| First born in family (omitted=no) | 0.39 | 0.49 | 0.0 | 1.0 |
| Ave. # of siblings during HS | 1.94 | 1.36 | 0.0 | 6.8 |
| Age at time of survey | 19.99 | 4.04 | 15.0 | 33.0 |
| age 15 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.0 | 1.0 |
| age 16 | 0.11 | 0.31 | 0.0 | 1.0 |
| age 17 | 0.14 | 0.35 | 0.0 | 1.0 |
| Caregiver and Household Characteristics | ||||
| Caregiver has depressive symptomatology (omitted=no) | 0.25 | 0.43 | 0.0 | 1.0 |
| Caregiver age at time of child’s birth | 24.86 | 7.15 | 13.4 | 62.9 |
| Immigrant status (omitted=no) | 0.14 | 0.35 | 0.0 | 1.0 |
| Caregiver history of substance abuse (omitted=no) | 0.13 | 0.33 | 0.0 | 1.0 |
| Caregiver disability status (omitted=not disabled) | 0.06 | 0.23 | 0.0 | 1.0 |
| Caregiver educational attainment during HS (omitted=no degree) | ||||
| No H.S. diploma | 0.33 | 0.47 | 0.0 | 1.0 |
| H.S. diploma | 0.38 | 0.49 | 0.0 | 1.0 |
| Post H.S. technical certificate | 0.16 | 0.37 | 0.0 | 1.0 |
| College degree | 0.13 | 0.33 | 0.0 | 1.0 |
| Proportion of HS when two caregivers in household | 0.33 | 0.45 | 0.0 | 1.0 |
| Log of average household income during HS | 2.03 | 2.96 | −2.0 | 4.8 |
| Caregiver not employed full-time during HS | 0.45 | 0.50 | 0.0 | 1.0 |
| Ave. household stressor scale during HS (range 0–5) | 1.40 | 1.20 | 0.0 | 5.0 |
| Proportion of HS when household had health insurance | 0.77 | 0.42 | 0.0 | 1.0 |
| Total # moves during HS | 0.33 | 0.57 | 0.0 | 3.0 |
| Macroeconomic Characteristics | ||||
| National GDP annual growth rate when child first worked | 5.57 | 1.05 | 3.3 | 6.5 |
| Neighborhood Characteristics | ||||
| Ave. prop. HS spent in neighborhood w/ bad peers | 0.52 | 0.49 | 0.0 | 1.0 |
| Ave. social capital scale during HS (range 0–6) | 3.64 | 1.58 | 0.0 | 6.0 |
| Ave. social problems scale during HS (range 0–5) | 2.08 | 1.86 | 0.0 | 6.0 |
| Ave. social vulnerability scale during HS (range 0–400) | 122.35 | 54.06 | 26.9 | 289.0 |
| Ave. percent African American residents during HS | 15.61 | 18.77 | 0.3 | 81.4 |
| Ave. percent Latino residents during HS | 55.08 | 21.18 | 5.3 | 91.9 |
| Ave. occupational prestige score during HS (range (0–100) | 36.96 | 3.24 | 31.4 | 47.2 |
| Ave. percent foreign-born residents during HS | 24.81 | 12.07 | 2.1 | 52.0 |
| Ave. percent of residents who moved in preceding 12 months during HS | 24.46 | 8.48 | 4.6 | 49.1 |
| Ave. percent of HS living in neighborhood with hospitals and clinics | 0.84 | 0.37 | 0.0 | 1.0 |
| Ave. resource factor scale during HS | 0.12 | 0.67 | −1.7 | 0.9 |
| Ave. percent of housing built before 1940 during HS | 25.21 | 19.44 | 0.0 | 79.5 |
| Ave. violent crime rate per 1,000 during HS | 10.63 | 6.69 | 1.0 | 41.3 |
| Ave. property crime rate per 1,000 during HS | 55.73 | 33.02 | 9.9 | 162.7 |
| Ave. child abuse and neglect rate per 1,000 during HS | 10.13 | 6.23 | 1.9 | 35.5 |
| Number of observations | 444 |
Note: “during HS” = average for ages 14–17 or ages 14 to age at time of survey if less than 17