Table 6.
Tobit Parameters for Hours Worked as Teen, by Gender and Ethnicity
| Gender-Ethnic Strata within the “Ever in DHA” sample: | Male | Female | African American | Latino | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child Characteristics | ||||||||
| Latina Female | 2.154 | 4.224 | 1.627 | 3.119 | ||||
| Latino Male | −14.338** | 4.693 | ||||||
| African American Female | −6.052 | 3.283 | ||||||
| First born in family (omitted=no) | 2.110 | 3.696 | 2.965 | 3.583 | 4.746 | 3.505 | −0.782 | 3.512 |
| Ave. # of siblings during HS | −2.703 | 1.849 | −1.215 | 2.016 | −4.674* | 2.148 | −0.728 | 1.735 |
| child age 15 at time of survey | −31.348** | 10.248 | −25.949** | 7.852 | −163.718 | 0.000 | −13.100 | 7.451 |
| child age 16 at time of survey | 0.121 | 6.612 | −22.710** | 7.222 | −22.176** | 6.760 | −6.688 | 6.472 |
| child age 17 at time of survey | −6.685 | 5.348 | −0.435 | 5.703 | −5.726 | 5.458 | −3.179 | 5.395 |
| Caregiver and Household Characteristics | ||||||||
| Caregiver has depressive symptomatology (omitted=no) | 6.394 | 3.987 | −5.734 | 4.273 | 0.993 | 4.517 | 3.965 | 3.957 |
| Caregiver age at time of child’s birth | −2.971 | 2.028 | 1.176 | 2.334 | 0.564 | 2.642 | −3.969* | 1.853 |
| Immigrant status (omitted=no) | 10.620* | 5.034 | −11.786* | 5.777 | −27.264* | 11.863 | 3.164 | 4.322 |
| Caregiver history of substance abuse (omitted=no) | −4.499 | 5.283 | −0.295 | 4.748 | −7.372 | 4.699 | 7.196 | 5.400 |
| Caregiver disability status (omitted=not disabled) | −2.056 | 1.826 | −0.045 | 1.697 | −0.283 | 2.064 | −0.429 | 1.591 |
| Caregiver had technical degree when child 1st worked (omitted=none) | −5.546 | 5.590 | 1.507 | 5.357 | −11.901 | 6.030 | −0.489 | 5.037 |
| Caregiver had HS diploma when child 1st worked (omitted=none) | 2.640 | 3.907 | −0.743 | 4.221 | −4.781 | 4.863 | 3.122 | 3.565 |
| Caregiver had college degree when child 1st worked (omitted=none) | −4.879 | 6.124 | 2.381 | 5.568 | −0.387 | 5.396 | 2.994 | 6.762 |
| Proportion of HS when two caregivers in household | −0.305 | 1.729 | −0.904 | 1.774 | −2.784 | 1.960 | −0.509 | 1.631 |
| Log of average household income during HS | 9.663** | 3.002 | 1.570 | 3.294 | 11.555** | 3.525 | 2.116 | 2.927 |
| Caregiver availability to monitor child at least part-time during HS | 10.587 | 5.898 | −2.570 | 6.126 | 13.256 | 7.000 | −1.045 | 5.790 |
| Ave. household stressor scale during HS (range 0–5) | −3.213 | 1.923 | −3.383 | 1.752 | −0.713 | 1.779 | −4.643* | 2.007 |
| Proportion of HS when household had health insurance | −0.881 | 1.825 | 1.727 | 1.788 | −0.575 | 1.936 | 1.074 | 1.687 |
| Total # moves during HS | −1.580 | 1.801 | −0.878 | 1.566 | −1.293 | 1.652 | 0.446 | 1.514 |
| Macroeconomic Characteristics | ||||||||
| National GDP annual growth rate when child first worked | 2.603 | 1.681 | −0.093 | 1.661 | 3.150 | 1.789 | −1.261 | 1.541 |
| Neighborhood Characteristics | ||||||||
| Ave. prop. HS spent in neighborhood w/ bad peers | 2.046 | 2.136 | 3.278 | 2.168 | 1.545 | 1.982 | 1.156 | 2.201 |
| Ave. social capital scale during HS (range 0–6) | 2.567 | 1.748 | −0.946 | 2.008 | −0.594 | 1.932 | 1.080 | 1.699 |
| Ave. social problems scale during HS (range 0–5) | 3.569 | 2.580 | −0.766 | 2.303 | 0.385 | 2.357 | 0.306 | 2.562 |
| Ave. social vulnerability scale during HS (range 0–400) | −2.295 | 4.160 | −6.670 | 4.030 | −9.993* | 3.916 | −7.068 | 4.897 |
| Ave. percent African American residents during HS | −5.420 | 2.844 | −3.638 | 3.136 | −5.205 | 2.724 | 1.682 | 4.197 |
| Ave. percent Latino residents during HS | −6.488 | 4.338 | −7.348 | 4.855 | −7.264 | 5.019 | −4.950 | 4.499 |
| Ave. occupational prestige score during HS (range (0–100) | −8.103* | 3.126 | −7.487 | 3.874 | −6.646 | 4.011 | −7.635* | 3.049 |
| Ave. percent foreign-born residents during HS | −0.160 | 3.256 | 0.366 | 3.094 | 3.863 | 3.629 | −3.707 | 3.296 |
| Ave. percent of residents who moved in preceding 12 months during HS | 1.660 | 2.527 | 3.692 | 2.266 | 0.833 | 2.365 | 3.917 | 2.465 |
| Ave. percent of HS living in neighborhood with hospitals and clinics | 4.022* | 1.882 | 2.713 | 1.859 | 5.784** | 1.951 | −1.385 | 1.850 |
| Ave. resource factor scale during HS | −2.175 | 3.059 | −2.519 | 3.106 | −0.331 | 3.006 | −1.070 | 2.921 |
| Ave. percent of housing built before 1940 during HS | 2.790 | 2.012 | 3.353 | 2.173 | −0.687 | 2.112 | 7.130** | 2.156 |
| Ave. violent crime rate per 1,000 during HS | −7.543* | 3.488 | −6.453 | 4.115 | −9.719** | 3.609 | 0.419 | 4.224 |
| Ave. property crime rate per 1,000 during HS | 3.386 | 3.055 | 4.285 | 3.375 | 8.600* | 3.844 | 2.023 | 3.062 |
| Ave. child abuse and neglect rate per 1,000 during HS | 3.829 | 2.496 | 7.902* | 3.399 | 14.347*** | 3.458 | 3.270 | 2.545 |
| constant | 3.394 | 5.614 | 4.357 | 5.65 | 10.025 | 5.987 | −1.641 | 5.452 |
| ancillary parameter | 18.657*** | 1.500 | 18.533*** | 1.541 | 15.480*** | 1.318 | 19.147*** | 1.485 |
| Observations | 220 | 222 | 184 | 258 | ||||
| Log Likelihood | −494.824 | −468.193 | −390.178 | −551.803 | ||||
| chi2 | 74.73 | 76.55 | 122.4 | 70.31 | ||||
| p | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||
| Pseudo-R2 | 0.070 | 0.076 | 0.136 | 0.060 | ||||
Standard errors in second column;
*
p<0.05;
**
p<.01:
***
p<.001