Table 2.
Socioeconomic, environmental, and sanitary behavior characteristics distribution by Orang Asli subgroups
| Characteristic | Temuan (N = 279) | Semelai (N = 113) | Jakun (N = 99) | Orang Kuala (N = 89) | Mah Meri (N = 54) | Total (N = 634) | *χ2 | P | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |||
| Occupational status | ||||||||||||||
| Working | 92 | 33.0 | 18 | 15.9 | 9 | 9.1 | 7 | 7.9 | 13 | 24.1 | 139 | 21.9 | ||
| Not working | 187 | 67.0 | 95 | 84.1 | 90 | 90.9 | 82 | 92.1 | 41 | 75.9 | 495 | 78.1 | 42.2 | < 0.001 |
| Occupational category | ||||||||||||||
| Not working (housewife/student) | 185 | 66.3 | 95 | 84.1 | 92 | 92.9 | 82 | 92.1 | 41 | 75.9 | 495 | 78.1 | ||
| Jungle product gatherers | 30 | 10.8 | 7 | 6.2 | 7 | 7.1 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 22.2 | 56 | 8.8 | ||
| Palm oil/rubber plantation | 31 | 11.1 | 7 | 6.2 | 2 | 0.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 40 | 6.3 | ||
| Labor (factory/construction sites) | 28 | 10.0 | 4 | 3.5 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 8.5 | 1 | 1.9 | 40 | 6.3 | ||
| Small business (mini sundry shop) | 2 | 0.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3.2 | ||
| Government employee | 1 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | ||
| Others (driver, etc.) | 2 | 0.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3.2 | 140.4 | < 0.001 |
| Household income (RM/month) | ||||||||||||||
| < RM 500 (< US $166.7) | 152 | 56.6 | 100 | 88.5 | 86 | 86.9 | 0 | 0 | 32 | 59.3 | 376 | 59.3 | ||
| > RM 500 (> US $166.7) | 121 | 43.4 | 13 | 11.5 | 13 | 13.1 | 89 | 100 | 22 | 40.7 | 258 | 40.7 | 201.6 | < 0.001 |
| Source of water supply | ||||||||||||||
| Untreated (river, mountain water, etc.) | 191 | 68.5 | 90 | 79.6 | 8 | 8.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 289 | 45.6 | ||
| Treated (government pipe water) | 88 | 31.5 | 23 | 20.4 | 91 | 91.9 | 89 | 100 | 54 | 100 | 345 | 54.4 | 287.6 | < 0.001 |
| Latrine facilities | ||||||||||||||
| No | 175 | 62.7 | 76 | 67.3 | 48 | 48.5 | 0 | 0 | 42 | 77.8 | 341 | 53.8 | ||
| Yes | 104 | 37.3 | 37 | 32.7 | 51 | 51.5 | 89 | 100 | 12 | 22.2 | 293 | 46.2 | 134.4 | < 0.001 |
| Type of latrine | ||||||||||||||
| Pour flush toilet | 94 | 33.7 | 2 | 1.8 | 20 | 20.2 | 89 | 100 | 24 | 44.4 | 229 | 36.1 | ||
| Pit latrine/non-pour flush toilet | 51 | 18.3 | 50 | 44.2 | 48 | 48.5 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.9 | 150 | 23.7 | ||
| Bush | 100 | 35.8 | 23 | 20.4 | 25 | 25.3 | 0 | 0 | 28 | 51.9 | 176 | 27.8 | ||
| River | 34 | 12.2 | 38 | 33.8 | 6 | 6.1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.9 | 79 | 12.5 | 332.1 | < 0.001 |
| Defecation sites | ||||||||||||||
| Open/indiscriminate | 201 | 72.0 | 113 | 100 | 76 | 76.8 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 31.5 | 407 | 64.2 | ||
| Latrine | 78 | 28.0 | 0 | 0 | 23 | 23.2 | 89 | 100 | 37 | 68.5 | 227 | 35.8 | 262.0 | < 0.001 |
| Walking bare-footed | ||||||||||||||
| No | 136 | 48.7 | 45 | 39.8 | 38 | 38.4 | 0 | 0 | 26 | 48.1 | 245 | 38.6 | ||
| Yes | 143 | 51.3 | 68 | 60.2 | 61 | 61.6 | 89 | 100 | 28 | 51.9 | 389 | 61.4 | 70.0 | < 0.001 |
| Eat with hand without prior washing | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 261 | 93.5 | 107 | 94.7 | 99 | 100.0 | 10 | 11.2 | 54 | 100 | 531 | 83.8 | ||
| No | 18 | 6.5 | 6 | 5.3 | 0 | 0 | 79 | 88.8 | 0 | 0 | 103 | 16.2 | 403.2 | < 0.001 |
| Close contact with domestic animals | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 184 | 65.9 | 113 | 100 | 97 | 98.0 | 80 | 89.9 | 43 | 79.6 | 517 | 81.5 | ||
| No | 95 | 34.1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2.0 | 9 | 10.1 | 11 | 20.4 | 117 | 18.5 | 92.7 | < 0.001 |
| Garbage disposal | ||||||||||||||
| Indiscriminate | 145 | 52.0 | 55 | 48.7 | 45 | 45.4 | 57 | 64.0 | 28 | 51.9 | 330 | 52.1 | ||
| Collected | 134 | 48.0 | 58 | 51.3 | 54 | 54.4 | 32 | 36.0 | 26 | 48.1 | 304 | 47.9 | 7.4 | 0.017 |
*
Calculated across all subgroups.