Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics (reported as %) of parents
| Southwest
|
Northern Plains
|
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male (n = 390) | Female (n = 659) | Total (n = 1049) | Male (n = 505) | Female (n = 667) | Total (n = 1172) | |
| Covariates | ||||||
| Childhood physical abuse | 7.30 | 7.77 | 7.60 | 7.02 | 10.44 | 8.93 |
| Childhood sexual abuse | 1.51 | 8.02 | 5.57 | .82 | 7.76 | 4.70 |
| Father violence problem while growing up | 9.76 | 13.53 | 12.12 | 10.78 | 13.53 | 12.31 |
| Mother violence problem while growing up | 3.01 | 3.14 | 3.09 | 2.52 | 6.70 | 4.85 |
| Childhood financial strain | 31.11 | 33.74 | 32.76 | 40.43 | 46.26 | 43.66 |
| Adult victim of physical abuse/attack | 13.07 | 28.53 | 22.73 | 21.04 | 32.50 | 27.46 |
| Adult victim of sexual abuse | .29 | 3.08 | 2.03 | .00 | 6.10 | 3.41 |
| Lifetime substance use disorder | 45.28 | 14.11 | 25.82 | 47.41 | 31.50 | 38.55 |
| Lifetime depression | 8.19 | 12.57 | 10.92 | 7.62 | 10.08 | 8.99 |
| Instrumental social support (mean) | .77 | .84 | .81 | .92 | .92 | .92 |
| Perceived social support (mean) | 2.24 | 2.42 | 2.35 | 2.49 | 2.55 | 2.53 |
| Negative social support (mean) | .49 | .52 | .51 | .61 | .68 | .65 |
| Age at interview (mean) | 38.55 | 36.91 | 37.53 | 37.52 | 35.88 | 36.61 |
| Poverty | 39.49 | 47.08 | 44.23 | 58.43 | 63.47 | 61.23 |
| Number of children (mean) | 3.23 | 3.24 | 3.24 | 3.26 | 3.33 | 3.30 |
| Outcome variables | ||||||
| Parenting satisfaction (mean score) | 1.70 | 1.66 | 1.68 | 1.70 | 1.65 | 1.67 |
| Parenting role impairment | 11.58 | 5.98 | 8.09 | 17.18 | 16.73 | 16.93 |