Table 2.

Linear and nonlinear response surface gradients for the effects of age, lifespan (LS), protein intake (P), and carbohydrate intake (C) on reproduction in (A) female and (B) male Drosophila melanogaster

		Nonlinear effects
	Linear effects	Age	LS	P	C
A. Female egg production
Age	−0.184***	−0.094***
LS	0.069*	0.166***	−0.071*
P	0.306***	−0.207***	0.177***	−0.152***
C	0.156***	0.003	0.027	0.064*	−0.032
B. Male offspring production
Age	−0.560***	−0.308***
LS	0.274***	0.407***	−0.072*
P	−0.047*	0.076***	0.005	−0.007
C	−0.006	−0.004	−0.027	−0.015	−0.004

Gradients were estimated using a GLMM including individual identity as a random effect. Asterisks indicate significance at

^***P < 0.0001,

^**P < 0.001, and

^*P < 0.05.