| Brandstedt, 2012 [159] |
The Malmo Diet and Cancer Study cohort, Sweden, men, born in 1923–1945 |
Case control |
943 cases, 943 controls |
Serum total calcium |
Prostate cancer |
OR: 1.34 (0.78–1.39) for highest versus lowest quartile |
Matched on BMI, educational level, alcohol consumption, and smoking. |
| Schwartz, 2012 [160] |
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (NHANES III), USA, age 18+ |
Cohort |
6707 at baseline, 49 events, 1069327 person-months |
Serum total calcium |
Prostate cancer mortality |
HR: 1.50 (95% CI: 1.04–2.17) for every unit increase |
Adjusted for age and BMI, serum albumin, and serum 25-OHD and account for survey weights and the complex sampling design of NHANES III |
| Salem, 2013 [161] |
Iran, men, mean age 71.1 (cases) and 66.5 (controls) |
Case control |
194 cases, 317 controls |
Serum total calcium |
Prostate cancer |
OR: 0.27 (0.12–0.59) for or highest versus lowest tertile |
Adjusted for age, body mass index, occupation, educational level, smoking, alcohol, family history of prostate cancer, and sex hormones. Similar results with albumin-corrected calcium |
