TABLE 1.
Demographic Characteristics and Welfare/Social Program Receipt by Generational Status, Uninsured Children in the 2011–2012 National Survey of Children’s Health
| All Uninsured Children | 1st Generation | 2nd Generation | 3rd Generation | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 4040 | n = 445; 14.9% | n = 779; 29.3% | n = 2508; 55.8% | Difference by Generation | |
| % (SE) | % (SE) | % (SE) | % (SE) | ||
| Demographics | |||||
| Age | 9.3 (0.18) | 11.5 (0.36) | 8.8 (0.37) | 8.9 (0.24) | P < .001 |
| Gender, % male | 54.3 (1.8) | 58.0 (4.3) | 53.2 (4.0) | 53.9 (2.3) | P < .05 |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| White | 38.9 (1.7) | 2.3 (0.8) | 7.5 (1.2) | 65.9 (2.3) | P < .001 |
| Black | 11.8 (1.2) | 8.2 (2.3) | 8.5 (2.0) | 14.5 (1.8) | |
| Hispanic | 41.0 (1.9) | 80.2 (3.2) | 75.6 (3.0) | 12.0 (1.8) | |
| Other (includes Asian) | 8.6 (0.9) | 9.2 (2.1) | 9.3 (2.0) | 7.6 (0.9) | |
| Poverty level | |||||
| <100% | 31.4 (1.9) | 61.7 (4.6) | 37.4 (4.1) | 20.2 (1.9) | P < .001 |
| 100%–133% | 17.2 (1.5) | 13.5 (2.3) | 22.4 (3.6) | 15.5 (1.8) | |
| 133%–150% | 4.0 (0.9) | 6.3 (3.0) | 2.2 (1.0) | 4.4 (1.4) | |
| 150%–185% | 13.1 (1.3) | 9.4 (2.8) | 12.6 (2.7) | 14.3 (1.8) | |
| 185%–200% | 4.3 (0.8) | 0.6 (0.4) | 3.9 (1.6) | 5.5 (1.1) | |
| 200%–300% | 16.8 (1.3) | 5.9 (2.0) | 13.7 (2.7) | 21.4 (1.8) | |
| 300%–400% | 6.6 (0.9) | 1 (0.4) | 4.4 (1.2) | 9.3 (1.5) | |
| >400% | 6.5 (0.8) | 1.6 (0.7) | 3.3 (0.8) | 9.4 (1.3) | |
| Highest level of parental education | |||||
| <HS graduate | 38.1 (1.9) | 70.4 (4.1) | 58.2 (4.1) | 18.8 (1.7) | P < .001 |
| HS graduate | 28.7 (1.7) | 17.6 (3.6) | 19.6 (3.2) | 31.4 (2.3) | |
| >HS graduate | 32.2 (1.8) | 11.9 (2.4) | 22.3 (3.2) | 42.8 (2.4) | |
| Hours parent worked per week | |||||
| None | 9.4 (2.3) | 3.8 (2.2) | 4.2 (2.0) | 11.3 (2.9) | P < .05 |
| <1–20 | 80.8 (3.6) | 95.3 (2.5) | 91.4 (4.2) | 76.7 (4.6) | |
| 21–30 | 6.4 (2.2) | 0.0 (0.0) | 4.1 (3.5) | 7.7 (2.9) | |
| 31–40 | 2.3 (2.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.3 (0.3) | 3.1 (2.6) | |
| 41+ | 1.0 (0.8) | 0.9 (0.9) | 0.0 (0.0) | 1.3 (1.0) | |
| Marital status | |||||
| Two-parent | 75.6 (1.5) | 80.9 (4.0) | 82.6 (3.3) | 70.2 (2.1) | P < .01 |
| Single mother | 20.3 (1.5) | 14.7 (3.4) | 15.6 (3.0) | 24.5 (2.0) | |
| Other | 4.1 (0.7) | 4.4 (2.6) | 1.8 (0.7) | 5.3 (0.9) | |
| Primary language spoken at home is English | 65.7 (1.85) | 12.7 (3.2) | 35.5 (3.8) | 97.5 (0.8) | P < .001 |
| Major census region | |||||
| Midwest | 22.2 (0.2) | 11.6 (1.4) | 12.5 (0.4) | 25.5 (0.2) | P < .001 |
| Northeast | 17.0 (0.2) | 22.1 (2.1) | 16.0 (0.2) | 16.3 (0.2) | |
| South | 36.7 (0.3) | 27.4 (2.6) | 38.2 (0.0) | 38.2 (0.3) | |
| West | 24.1 (0.3) | 38.9 (0.4) | 36.2 (0.9) | 19.9 (0.3) | |
| Health | |||||
| Child health status | P = .028 | ||||
| Excellent/Very Good/Good | 94.0 (0.9) | 88.7 (3.2) | 93.5 (1.9) | 95.8 (0.9) | |
| Fair/Poor | 6.0 (0.9) | 11.3 (3.2) | 6.5 (1.9) | 4.2 (0.9) | |
| Welfare/social program receipt | |||||
| Welfare/TANF | 6.8 (1.2) | 8.3 (3.7) | 5.4 (1.8) | 7.1 (1.2) | NS |
| SNAP/Food Stamps | 27.3 (1.9) | 31.4 (4.8) | 25.0 (3.8) | 27.3 (2.3) | NS |
HS, high school; NS, not significant; SNAP, Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program; TANF, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families. Difference by generation: results from χ2 analyses.