TABLE 1.

Sample Characteristics and Comparison of Characteristics by Frequency of Hookah Use in Last 12 Months

	Full Sample, N = 5540, Weighted %	No Hookah Use, n = 4502, Weighted %	Hookah Use, n = 1038, Weighted %	P
Gender				<.001
Male	48.6	79.8	20.2
Female	51.4	84.0	16.0
Age, y				.09
<18	45.6	83.1	16.9
≥18	54.4	81.1	18.9
Racea				<.0001
White	62.6	79.9	20.1
Black	9.5	95.2	4.8
Hispanic	13.1	82.0	18.0
Population density				<.0001
Non-MSA	20.6	89.6	10.4
Small MSA	50.7	80.3	19.7
Large MSA	28.7	79.6	20.4
Religiositya				<.0001
Low	31.2	79.8	20.2
Moderate	20.0	82.3	17.7
High	24.4	90.2	9.8
Family structure				.39
0 parents	5.1	80.2	19.8
1 parent	27.0	81.0	19.0
2 parents	67.9	82.5	17.5
Parent education				.22
Low	29.6	83.6	16.4
Moderate	28.8	81.7	18.3
High	41.6	81.1	18.9
Weekly income from job				<.0001
≤$10	47.6	85.9	14.1
$11–$50	11.9	82.5	17.5
≥$51	40.5	77.2	22.8
Weekly income from other source				<.001
≤$10	56.7	84.2	15.8
$11–$50	33.9	79.1	20.9
≥$51	9.4	79.2	20.8
Cigarette smoking				<.0001
Never smoked	59.8	93.7	6.3
Smoked once or twice	19.1	74.8	25.2
Smoked regularly in the past	4.7	63.9	36.1
Smoke occasionally	9.6	57.1	42.9
Smoke regularly	6.8	47.2	52.8
Lifetime alcohol use				<.0001
No	29.2	97.8	2.2
Yes	70.8	75.5	24.5
Lifetime marijuana use				<.0001
No	54.8	96.1	3.9
Yes	45.2	64.9	35.1
Lifetime use of other illicit substances				<.0001
No	76.3	89.0	11.0
Yes	23.7	59.5	40.5

χ²s are design-based to account for the complex sampling design. MSA, metropolitan statistical area.

^aValid percentages are presented for race and religiosity because we allowed data to be missing for these variables in our analyses (missing data indicators were included in models). Data are weighted, so percentages may not add up to exactly 100%.