Table 1.
Comparison of Control, Auditory-Tactile-Visual-Vestibular (ATVV) Intervention, and Kangaroo Care Mothers on Maternal Demographic Characteristics and Infant Illness Variables at Enrollment
| Total Sample | Control | ATVV | Kangaroo Care | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | N | Mean (SD) | N | Mean (SD) | N | Mean (SD) | |
| Gestat. Age (Weeks) | 27.2 (3.0) | 73 | 27.6 (3.2) | 66 | 27.0 (2.7) | 68 | 27.4 (3.0) |
| Birthweight (Grams) | 1025 (373) | 73 | 1031(353) | 66 | 1004 (312) | 68 | 1038 (317) |
| Sex: % Male | 45.7% | 73 | 43.8% | 67 | 46.3% | 68 | 47.1% |
| Size: % SGA | 17.7% | 73 | 18.5% | 65 | 15.4% | 68 | 19.2% |
| Apgar Score: 1 Min. | 5.2 (2.5) | 73 | 5.3 (2.4) | 65 | 5.2 (2.6) | 68 | 5.2 (2.4) |
| 5 Min. | 7.3 (1.6) | 72 | 7.4 (1.4) | 65 | 7.2 (1.7) | 68 | 7.3 (1.6) |
| Neurological Insultsa | 3.8 (3.7) | 73 | 3.6 (3.6) | 66 | 4.2 (3.8) | 68 | 4.5 (4.2) |
| Mech. Vent. (Days) | 14.2 (17.8) | 73 | 14.3 (18.9) | 67 | 14.6 (18.3) | 68 | 13.7 (16.3) |
| IVH: % None | 65.7% | 73 | 65.7% | 66 | 69.7% | 68 | 61.8% |
| % Grade I | 18.8% | 17.8% | 16.7% | 22.1% | |||
| % Grade II | 6.8% | 12.3% | 3.0% | 4.4% | |||
| % Grade III | 1.0% | 0.0% | 1.5% | 1.5% | |||
| % Grade IV | 7.7% | 4.1% | 9.0% | 10.3% | |||
| % Having Surgery | 36.4% | 73 | 40.0% | 66 | 30.8% | 68 | 38.5% |
| % Multiple births | 18.8% | 73 | 16.4% | 66 | 21.2% | 68 | 19.1% |
| % PDA | 41.3% | 73 | 42.5% | 67 | 43.3% | 68 | 38.2% |
| % NEC | 15.1% | 72 | 16.7% | 66 | 10.6% | 68 | 17.7% |
| % Cesarean Section | 57.9% | 73 | 58.0% | 67 | 61.7% | 68 | 53.9% |
| Maternal Age | 27.0 (6.2) | 73 | 26.7 (6.6) | 67 | 26.4 (5.4) | 67 | 28.0 (6.3) |
| Race/Ethn.: White | 18.3% | 73 | 16.4% | 67 | 19.4% | 68 | 19.1% |
| Black | 72.1% | 78.1% | 70.2% | 67.6% | |||
| Hispanic | 7.7% | 5.5% | 7.5% | 10.3% | |||
| Other | 1.9% | 0.0% | 3.0% | 2.9% | |||
| % Mothers Married | 32.2% | 73 | 27.4% | 67 | 36.0% | 65 | 33.8% |
| % First-Time Mothers* |
54.0% | 69 | 43.5% | 65 | 66.2% | 64 | 53.1% |
| Maternal Ed. (Years) | 13.4 (2.3) | 71 | 13.1 (2.2) | 66 | 13.6 (2.1) | 66 | 13.5 (2.5) |
| % Public Assistance | 20.3% | 73 | 21.9% | 67 | 19.4% | 67 | 19.4% |
Note: Gestat. = gestational; SGA = small for gestational age; Min. = minute; Mech. Vent. = mechanical ventilation; IVH = intraventricular hemorrhage; PDA = patent ductus arteriosis; NEC = necrotizing enterocolitis; Ed. = education; Ethn. = Ethnicity.
a
Scored on Neurobehavioral Risk Scale.
*
Groups were compared using Chi squared test for categorical variables and general linear models for continuous variables, p < .05.