Table 2.
Characteristics of the included studies, assessing nutrient intake in community-dwelling older adults
| Reference | Country | Study year | Age (years) | Subjects (n) | Method | Supplement intake | Quality rating | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reported | Included in analysis | |||||||
| Adamson et al. ( 58 ) | UK | 2003–2004 | ≥ 85 | 82 | FFQ | No | No | Moderate |
| Bates et al. ( 59 ) | UK | 2008–2010 | ≥ 65 | 224 | 4 d DR | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
| Becker et al. ( 15 , 60 ) | Sweden | 1997–1998 | 65–74 | 122 | 7 d DR | No | No | Low |
| Boilson et al. ( 61 ) | Ireland | 2001–2002 | 60–81 | 135 | FFQ | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
| Castetbon et al. ( 15 , 62 ) | France | 2006–2007 | ≥ 65 | 349 | 3 × 24HR | No | No | Moderate |
| Decarli et al. ( 63 ) | Switzerland | 1988–1989 | 70–75 | 150 | 3 d DR | Yes | Unclear | Low |
| Elmadfa et al. ( 15 , 64 ) | Austria | 2007 | ≥ 65 | 349 | 3 d DH | Yes | No | Moderate |
| Elmadfa et al. ( 15 ) | Romania | 2006 | ≥ 65 | 342 | Interview | Yes | No | NA |
| Feart et al. ( 65 ) | France | 2001–2002 | ≥ 75 | 1595 | 1 × 24HR | No | No | Moderate |
| Fidanza et al. ( 66 ) | Italy | 1981 | 65–69, ≥ 70 | 207 | DH | No | No | Moderate |
| Finch et al. ( 67 ) | UK | 1994–1995 | ≥ 85 | 266 | 4 d weighed DR | Yes | Unclear | Moderate |
| Gibson( 68 ) | UK | 1994–1995 | ≥ 65 | 806 | 4 d weighed DR | Yes | Unclear | Moderate |
| Griep et al. ( 69 ) | Belgium | NA | 60–75 | 91 | 7 d DR | No | No | Moderate |
| Health Canada et al. ( 24 ) | Canada | 2004 | ≥ 70 | 4130 | 1 × 24HR | Yes | No | High |
| Horwath et al. ( 70 ) | New Zealand | 1988 | ≥ 70 | 712 | FFQ | Yes | Unclear | High |
| Hulshof et al. ( 15 , 71 ) | Netherlands | 1997–1998 | ≥ 65 | 421 | 2 d DR | Yes | No | Moderate |
| Johansson et al. ( 15 , 72 ) | Norway | 1997 | ≥ 65 | 342 | FFQ | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
| Konstantinova et al. ( 73 ) | Norway | 1997–1999 | 71–74 | 2855 | FFQ | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
| Lopes et al. ( 15 , 74 ) | Portugal | NA | ≥ 65 | 585 | FFQ | Yes | No | Moderate |
| Luhrmann et al. ( 75 ) | Germany | 1994 | 60–85 | 308 | 3 d DR | No | No | High |
| Max Rubner-Institut( 15 , 76 ) | Germany | 2005–2007 | ≥ 65 | 3031 | DH | Yes | Unclear | Moderate |
| Milman et al. ( 77 ) | Denmark | 1994–1995 | 80 | 240 | 3 d DR | Yes | Yes | High |
| Mowe et al. ( 78 ) | Norway | 1989 | 70–91 | 95 | DH | Yes | Unclear | Moderate |
| Nelson et al. ( 79 ) | USA | 1995 | ≥ 65 | 3634 | FFQ | Yes | Yes | High |
| Nicolas et al. ( 80 ) | France | 1993, 1995, 1997 | 60–94 | 262 | 3 d DR | No | No | Moderate |
| Ocke et al. ( 49 ) | Netherlands | 2010–2012 | ≥ 70 | 739 | 2 × 24HR | Yes | Yes* | High |
| Ortega et al.( 81 ) | France | 1995 | ≥ 70 | 260 | 7 d weighed DR | Yes | No | High |
| Pedersen et al.( 15 , 82 ) | Denmark | 2003–2008 | ≥ 65 | 438 | 7 d DR | No | No | Moderate |
| Pietinen et al. ( 15 , 83 ) | Finland | 2007 | ≥ 65 | 463 | 48HR | Yes | Yes | Low |
| Posner et al. ( 84 ) | USA | NA | 70–79 | 1154 | 24HR | No | No | Low |
| Rothenberg et al.( 85 ) | Sweden | 1971, 1981, 1993 | 70 | 360 | DH | No | No | Moderate |
| Serra Majem et al. ( 15 , 86 ) | Spain | 2002–2003 | ≥ 65 | 342 | 2 × 24HR | No | No | Low |
| Sette et al. ( 15 , 87 ) | Italy | 2005–2006 | ≥ 65 | 518 | 3 d DR | Yes | No | Moderate |
| Szponar et al. ( 15 , 88 ) | Poland | 2000 | ≥ 65 | 453 | 24HR | No | No | Low |
| Toffanello et al.( 89 ) | Italy | 1989–1999 | 70–75 | 78 | DH | No | No | Moderate |
| USDA et al. ( 90 ) | USA | 2005–2006 | ≥ 70 | 997 | 2 × 24HR | No | No | High |
| Zoltick et al. ( 91 ) | USA | 1988–1989 | 67–93 | 807 | FFQ | Yes | Yes | High |
DR, dietary record; 24HR, 24 h dietary recall; DH, dietary history; NA, not applicable because data was not available; 48HR, 48 h dietary recall; USDA, US Department of Agriculture.
*
Data were published with and without supplement intake included; habitual intake (without supplement intake) was used in the analysis for the present systematic review.