Table 2.

Pooled random effects meta-analysis estimates of the prevalence of psychiatric disorders co-existing with ADHD

	⩽18years		Adults
Psychiatric co-morbidity	Rate	95% CI	Rate	95% CI
Conduct disorder	0.61	0.43–0.80	0.29	0.21–0.37
Substance use disorders	0.70	0.59–0.80	0.74	0.52–0.96
Mood disorders	0.25	0.16–0.34	0.66	0.50–0.81
Depressive disorder	0.13	0.05–0.21	0.55	0.35–0.76
Anxiety disorders	0.21	0.03–0.40	0.68	0.48–0.88
Personality disordersa	–	–	0.60	0.41–0.78

ADHD, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; CI, confidence interval.

^aOnly adult studies included.