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Thermal antinociceptive effects of tramadol under the UCMS condition. The effects of tramadol on thermal nociceptive latency (a) and %MPE (b) in a hot-plate test under the UCMS (closed circles n = 8) and non-stress (open circles n = 8) conditions. Intraperitoneal tramadol was repetitively administered to the mice at doses of 10, 20, and 70 mg/kg, for cumulative doses of 10, 30, and 100 mg/kg, respectively. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM.
