Table 1.

Demographic Characteristics and Risk Factors for Total Sample and by lifetime CW involvement status

Characteristic	Total Sample (n = 320)		CW-involved (n = 129)		non-CW-involved (n = 191)
	n	%	n	%	n	%
Child age in years (mean ± SD)	302	8.9 ± 1.4	124	8.8 ± 1.3	178	8.9 ± 1.5
Caregiver age in years (mean ± SD)	310	36.5 ± 8.7	128	35.9 ± 8.4	182	36.9 ± 8.9
Child gender
Male	217	67.8	84	65.1	133	69.6
Female	95	29.7	44	34.1	51	26.7
Child ethnicity *b
White/Caucasian	25	7.8	15	11.6	10	5.2
Black/African American	95	29.7	44	34.1	51	26.7
Hispanic/Latino	156	48.8	52	40.3	104	54.5
Other	30	9.4	13	10.1	17	8.9
Family income
Less than $9,999	125	39.1	54	41.9	71	37.2
$10,000 – $19,999	81	25.3	29	22.5	52	27.2
$20,000 – $29,999	47	14.7	21	16.3	26	13.6
$30,000 – $39,999	23	7.2	12	9.3	11	5.8
over $40,000	22	6.9	4	3.1	18	9.4
Primary Caregiver
Mother	252	78.8	103	79.8	149	78
Father	6	1.9	4	3.1	2	1
Grandparent	14	4.4	7	5.4	7	3.7
Mother and father	24	7.5	10	7.8	14	7.3
Other	14	4.4	4	3.1	10	5.2
Caregiver marital status
Single	137	42.8	59	45.7	78	40.8
Married or cohabitating	105	32.8	35	27.1	70	36.6
Divorced	14	4.4	8	6.2	6	3.1
Separated	44	13.8	21	16.3	23	12
Widowed	7	2.2	1	0.8	6	3.1
Other	4	1.3	3	2.3	1	0.5
Caregiver education status
Less than High School	123	38.4	50	38.8	73	38.2
Completed High School and more	197	61.6	79	61.2	118	61.8
Caregiver employment status*c
Not employed full time	245	76.6	107	83	138	72.3
Employed full-time	75	23.4	22	17.1	53	27.8
Depressive Symptoms clinical status *d
Clinically significant	169	52.8	78	60.5	91	47.6
Not Clinically significant	120	37.5	41	31.8	79	41.4
Parenting Stress clinical status
Clinically significant	183	57.2	83	64.3	100	52.4
Not Clinically significant	99	30.9	33	25.6	66	34.6

^a.** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05

Differences by CW status:

^b.χ² = 8.71, df = 3, p = 0.03;

^c.χ² = 4.91, df = 1, p = 0.03;

^d.χ² = 4.16, df = 1, p = 0.04 % may not add up to 100 due to missing data