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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2015 Apr 11;83:1–13. doi: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.04.005

Figure 4. Some age-associated signaling failures within the DNA-Environment System.

Figure 4

As we age, signals within the DNA-environment system change, as does sensing of the signals, transmission of signals and responses to signals. Aging is characterized by impaired cell renewal changes in the proteome due to alterations in genomic transcription, mRNA translation, and the local protein environments and proteostasis. The density of some molecules becomes reduced and post-translational modifications, e.g. oxidation, nitration phosphorylation, etc., lead to altered misfolding and disordered molecular interactions that alter the stoichiometry and kinetics of reactions that remove damaged organelles and proteins and underlie crucial cell functions and robust reserve mechanisms.