Table 2.

Manifestations of molecular disorder characterize the aging heart “under the microscope”

➢Myocyte enlargement ➢Altered gene expression ➢Altered levels and functions of proteins that regulate Ca2+ homeostasis ➢Reduced response to acute stress ➢Increased markers of chronic stress ➢Altered membrane lipid composition ➢Increased threat of reactive O2 species ➢Increased cell death in the context of reduced cell replacement